Adapted from the Wikipedia article Photosynthesis, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy:

*Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric effect and lightning)

*Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity

*Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse

*Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells

*Thermoelectric effect, direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity, as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and Thermionic converters.

*Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or crystals

*Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles (examples: betavoltaics or alpha particle emission)

Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators. Electrons are mechanically separated and transported to increase their electric potential.

Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which mechanical energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many different methods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power.

The direct conversion of nuclear energy to electricity by beta decay is used only on a small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used to run a heat engine. This drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity by magnetic induction.

Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels

supplies most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 – today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources.

Turbines

All turbines are driven by a fluid acting as an intermediate energy carrier. Many of the heat engines just mentioned are turbines. Other types of turbines can be driven by wind or falling water.

Sources include:

*Steam – Water is boiled by:

** Nuclear fission,

**The burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, or petroleum). In hot gas (gas turbine), turbines are driven directly by gases produced by the combustion of natural gas or oil. Combined cycle gas turbine plants are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiencies of up to 60%.

**Renewables. The steam generated by:

***Biomass

***The sun as the heat source: solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid, which is then used to produce steam.

***Geothermal power. Either steam under pressure emerges from the ground and drives a turbine or hot water evaporates a low boiling liquid to create vapour to drive a turbine.

* Other renewable sources:

**Water (hydroelectric) – Turbine blades are acted upon by flowing water, produced by hydroelectric dams or tidal forces.

**Wind – Most wind turbines generate electricity from naturally occurring wind. Solar updraft towers use wind that is artificially produced inside the chimney by heating it with sunlight, and are more properly seen as forms of solar thermal energy.

Reciprocating engines

Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel, biogas or natural

gas. Diesel engines are often used for back up generation, usually at low voltages. However most large power grids also use diesel generators, originally provided as emergency back up for a specific facility such as a hospital, to feed power into the grid during certain circumstances. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a

landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine, which is a small gas turbine.

Photovoltaic panels

Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels. Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental systems. Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by 40% per year led by increases in Germany, Japan, California and New Jersey.

Other generation methods

Various other technologies have been studied and developed for power generation. Solid-state generation (without moving parts) is of particular interest in portable applications. This area is largely dominated by thermoelectric (TE) devices, though thermionic (TI) and thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have been developed as well. Typically, TE devices are used at lower temperatures than TI and TPV systems. Piezoelectric devices are used for power generation from mechanical strain, particularly in power harvesting. Betavoltaics are another type of solid-state power generator which produces electricity from radioactive decay.

Fluid-based magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation has been studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors and also from more conventional fuel combustion systems. Osmotic power finally is another possibility at places where salt and sweet water merges (e.g. deltas, …)

Electrochemical electricity generation is also important in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from closed electrochemical cells (“batteries”) , which are arguably utilized more as storage systems than generation systems, but open electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, have been undergoing a great deal of research and development in the last few years. Fuel cells can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels (mainly electrolytic hydrogen) and so can be viewed as either generation systems or storage systems depending on their use.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Electricity generation, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) is an approach in which all energy inputs to a product are accounted for, not only direct energy inputs during manufacture, but also all energy inputs needed to produce components, materials and services needed for the manufacturing process. An earlier term for the approach was ”energy analysis”.

With LCEA, the ”total life cycle energy input” is established.

Energy production

It is recognized that much energy is lost in the production of energy

commodities themselves, such as nuclear energy, photovoltaic

electricity or high-quality petroleum products. ”Net energy

content” is the energy content of the product minus energy input used

during extraction and conversion, directly or

indirectly.

A controversial early result of LCEA claimed that manufacturing

solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using

the solar cell. The result was refuted.

Another new concept that flows from life cycle assessments is Energy

Cannibalism. Energy Cannibalism refers to an effect where rapid

growth of an entire energy-intensive industry creates a need for

energy that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power

plants. Thus during rapid growth the industry as a whole produces no

energy because new energy is used to fuel the embodied energy of

future power plants.

Energy recovery

If materials are incinerated during the disposal process, the energy released during burning can be harnessed and used for electricity production. This provides a low-impact energy source, especially when compared with coal and natural gas While incineration produces more greenhouse gas emissions than landfilling, the waste plants are well-fitted with filters to minimize this negative impact. A recent study comparing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from landfilling (without energy recovery) against incineration (with energy recovery) found incineration to be superior in all cases except for when landfill gas is recovered for electricity production.

LCEA criticism

A criticism of LCEA is that it attempts to eliminate monetary cost analysis, that is replace the currency by which economic decisions are made with an energy currency.

A problem the energy analysis method cannot resolve is that different energy forms (heat, electricity, chemical energy etc.) have different quality and value even in natural sciences, as a consequence of the two main laws of thermodynamics. A thermodynamic measure of the quality of energy is exergy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, all energy inputs should be accounted with equal weight, whereas by the second law diverse energy forms should be accounted by different values.

The conflict is resolved in one of these ways:

* value difference between energy inputs is ignored,

* a value ratio is arbitrarily assigned (e.g., a joule of electricity is 2.6 times more valuable than a joule of heat or fuel input),

* the analysis is supplemented by economic (monetary) cost analysis.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Life cycle assessment, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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(See articles on diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrid locomotion for information on electric vehicles using also combustion engines).

There are many ways to generate electricity, some of them more ecological than others:

*on-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS), called Full Electric Vehicles (FEV). Power storage methods include:

**chemical energy stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries: Battery electric vehicle (BEV)

**static energy stored on the vehicle in on-board electric double-layer capacitors

**kinetic energy storage: flywheels

*direct connection to generation plants as is common among electric trains, trolley buses, and trolley trucks (See also : overhead lines, third rail and conduit current collection)

*renewable sources such as solar power: solar vehicle

*generated on-board using a diesel engine: diesel-electric locomotive

*generated on-board using a fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle

*generated on-board using nuclear energy: nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers

It is also possible to have hybrid electric vehicles that derives electricity from multiple sources. Such as:

*on-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS) and a direct continuous connection to land-based generation plants for purposes of on-highway recharging with unrestricted highway range

*on-board rechargeable electricity storage system and a fueled propulsion power source (internal combustion engine): plug-in hybrid

Batteries, electric double-layer capacitors and flywheel energy storage are forms of rechargeable on-board electrical storage. By avoiding an intermediate mechanical step, the energy conversion efficiency can be improved over the hybrids already discussed, by avoiding unnecessary energy conversions. Furthermore, electro-chemical batteries conversions are easy to reverse, allowing electrical energy to be stored in chemical form.

Another form of chemical to electrical conversion is fuel cells, projected for future use.

For especially large electric vehicles, such as submarines, the chemical energy of the diesel-electric can be replaced by a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor usually provides heat, which drives a steam turbine, which drives a generator, which is then fed to the propulsion. ”See Nuclear Power”

A few experimental vehicles, such as some cars and a handful of aircraft use solar panels for electricity.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Electric vehicle, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article Solar energy, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Now that you comprehend the basics of chemical energy, you should be advancing your thoughts on how to use chemical energy. Basically the chemical energy is seen everywhere, but most people do not take the effort to ponder or explore further. If you notice deeper, you will realize the many occurrences in life that involves chemical energy. For example the photosynthesis process where the plants perform to digest water and carbon dioxide to produce starch and release oxygen gas. The sunlight will be used to deliver the oxygen atoms away from the cells on the leaves and simultaneously, causing the hydrogen and carbon to produce sugars. The sugar in starch form is consumed and stored by the plants. This is a vital biological process for plants to survive, as well as support the ecological circle of life.

Along with plants, you should be able to observe the use of chemical energy in food. Undeniably, food is most fundamental necessity of all living creatures. In the process of plants generating food via the photosynthesis process, plants are the source of food for many animals, including rabbits, insects, bees and birds as well as humans. Any creatures that dwell on plants for food supply will absorb the energy they receive to continue surviving. Extra energy absorbed will be stored for use during the times in need. Plants are also a stable food supply for other animals such as wolves, foxes, and dogs where the chain would be prolonged as those animals will be eaten by larger animals like lions and bears. The food chain is a sequence of chemical energy transfer, just in different amounts and forms.

Apart from that, people may also be curious regarding how to use chemical energy in battery-related appliances. Batteries are devices that apply the use of several chemicals that react with one another to produce electrical energy. The zinc-copper type is the most commonly used battery in the market. The chemicals include zinc being the negative terminal and copper situating at the positive side. The interaction will then generate energy.

Author recommends Tech-FAQ for more information on topics such as how is chemical energy used and What Causes Fireworks To Explode . You may visit for more details.

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No matter how much technology advances, the world seems to become busier and busier with each passing year. Machines that are meant to make life easier instead seem to give us more opportunities to have our time taken from us.

Long daily commutes to work, mandatory overtimes, and second jobs: it’s becoming harder and harder for people to find time for themselves, let alone time for their families. For centuries, working men and women have shared the same lament: “If only there were more hours in a day!”

Despite the advances in science, no one has found a way to actually add hours to the day. However, by combing modern science with ancient holistic secrets, doctors have found a way to give people that extra perk through herbal supplements for energy.

Medical science has found many ways to artificially keep men and women going throughout the day. By pumping our bodies full of sugar, caffeine, and other chemical supplements, we can squeeze out a few extra hours of energy.

However, this comes at a toll. In the short term, these forms of energy boosting can lead to an unalert, walking haze. While we may technically be awake and moving, our minds may still be tired and listless. When these energy boosts begin to wear off, many people find themselves ‘crashing’, coming down hard off their sugar high.

Long term, artificial energy boosts can have a number of negative effects. By pumping out bodies full of artificial energy, we can do significant damage to our bodies, particularity the heart. Over the long term, our bodies may become addicted to these boosts, reacting in a similar manner as people addicted to drugs.

The body may not be able to function with full energy without these boosts. Permanent sleep patterns may be disrupted, and your body may not be able to sleep as effectively if hoped up on chemical stimulants.

Fortunately, there is a way to get that extra energy boost without the harsh chemical side effects of artificial energy boosts. Herbal energy supplements offer all of the benefits associated with caffeine of sugar without any of the debilitating side effects and long term damage.

Herbal energy supplements utilize all natural elements to create a steady, gentle energy boost in the body. A steady energy boost means no crash and no chemical dependence. By utilizing natural elements, these supplements can work with your body. Instead of fighting the effects of exhaustion, these elements work naturally to enhance the energy that exists within your body. After centuries of study, herbal medicine experts understand the limits of your body and how to maximize your total potential.

As with any supplement you may ingest, it’s important to listen to your body. If adverse side effects appear, please consult your physician as soon as possible. No herbal supplement, no matter how effective, is an effective substitute for a good night’s sleep, which offers the most natural energy boost of all. When you need a little extra kick to make it through your incredibly hectic day, consider taking herbal supplements for energy.

Andrew Stratton

Author Bio

Taking herbal supplements for energy is the best way to get that extra energy boost without the harsh chemical side effects of artificial energy boosts. By utilizing natural elements, these supplements can work with your body. Visit www.goodelements.com.

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Battery is an electrical device that stores chemical energy and produces electrical energy when needed. In fact, it transforms chemical energy into chemical energy. Mostly people think that cell and battery both are same thing, but a battery always consist of more than one cell.

There are two types of Batteries:

1. Primary Batteries â?? Primary Batteries are use and throw kind of batteries. Once discharged they are useless and you cannot make them usable again. Alkaline battery, Zinc-carbon battery, Zinc-carbon battery, and Silver-oxide battery are a few examples of Primary batteries.

2. Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries â?? Secondary Batteries are also known as rechargeable batteries. We can charge and use these batteries repeatedly when discharged. These are more popular due to long life and rechargeable nature.

This is the age for portable electronic devices, where people need high power long life batteries capable of providing continuous power support while at home, work or on move. This the main reason behind the popularity of rechargeable batteries.

New Generation Battery Chargers

There are various types of chargers available in market these days promising quick and effective charging solution in minimum possible time. Advanced solar powered chargers, car battery chargers are also available now that helps people in charging their batteries while on move, so that they can enjoy endless communication or entertainment facilities. Some companies offer all in one solar charger for all popular electronic Gadgets like I-pod, Digital Cameras, Games Console and Mobile Phones. It comes with one USB cable and several connectors for connective different devices to charge.

There are several changes in the world of batteries and chargers. Manufacturers are producing all kinds of rechargeable batteries for the portable device market, such as notebook batteries, PDA batteries, mobile phones, digital cameras, GPS, power tools and MP3′s. Popular Technologies serving these needs of people includes Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Polymer, Li-ion, battery pack assembly, primary batteries such as Li-FeS2, Li-MnO2, Li-SOCl2.

With the change in technology and introduction of several new machines and techniques, everyday new types of technologies are coming into place to provide power and charging solution to people. China, Japan, and Korea are the main hubs where maximum number of developments in electrical and electronic field is happening.

For More Information Visit :- http://www.battech.co.uk/

Lisa Vangorp

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Does this describe your typical day?

You wake up in the morning feeling tired, the day drags on and you feel depleted of energy. Perhaps you grab an energy drink, or multiple cups of coffee to give you the energy kick that you need to get through the day. You come home tired, lacking the energy to do anything. You sleep, but sleep never seems to be enough! You wake up the next day still feeling tired and worn out—to start the cycle all over again.

Energy Is Required for the Body to Operate

The body needs energy in order for it to fulfill all of its functions. The food that you eat is converted to energy by digestion and absorption through a series of chemical reactions. If proper digestion is not taking place, energy levels will not be optimal—and you will feel tired and sluggish.

More Americans are finding themselves drained of energy. So much so that some people have gone to the doctor looking for answers—only to find that physically there is nothing wrong. Leaving the question where is the energy leakage in your system?

Energy Robbers!

An unhealthy diet. If your diet consists of fast and processed foods, chances are you lack proper nutrition and low or non-existent energy levels are an indication. Eating a balanced diet which includes plenty of fruits, vegetables and fiber may help to naturally boost energy.

Too little water intake. Not many people realize how important it is to keep hydrated. It is said that 75 percent Americans are chronically dehydrated. Mild dehydration can slow down the body metabolism by 30 percent, causing you to feel lethargic.

Too much caffeine. Caffeine may give you a quick burst of energy, but in the long run it is depleting your energy supplies. Caffeine will eventually rob you of energy at the end of the day. The same goes for alcohol consumption.

Sedentary lifestyle. Exercise helps to transport oxygen to organs, tissues and cells. Oxygen helps to puirify the system. Studies show that oxygen improves cognitive performance. 1

High-calorie diet. Americans consume more calories than they need. Your body spends much of its energy digesting these calories.

Build-up of Waste. The world we live in may affect our body’s ability to eliminate waste. Stressful, busy lifestyles, and poor eating habits, can impact the rate of digestion, leading to waste build up in the intestines. Eventually, waste can overload the body and impact nutrient absorption, resulting in fatigue.

Constipation. Excess fecal matter which is stored in the colon can be a burden for body to cope with. It also forms the perfect breeding environment for unhealthy bacteria.

Herbal Colon Cleansing – An Energy-Boosting Experience!

Helps in Proper Digestion and Absorption.

One of the vital functions of the colon is to balance the pH level of the digestive tract. Intestinal pH should be slightly acidic for the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Helps Bind Toxins.

An adequate intake of fiber in the diet binds toxins and quickly passes them through the intestinal tract into the colon where they can be eliminated. 2

Aids Liver Function.

Once fiber reaches the colon it is acted upon by good bacteria. Through a process of fermentation, nutrients are produced which enhance the function of the liver. The liver is also strengthened to do its job, one of which is detoxification. 3

Stimulates Natural Elimination

BeneCleanse by Natural Detox is a three-stage program for supporting colon health. It provides gentle and safe cleansing through a combination of carefully studied ingredients which include various herbs and fibers. It also supports nutritional maintenance of the eliminatory organs—the liver, the kidneys, and the bowel—with minerals, vitamins and a special propriety blend of fibers and herbs.

Herbal colon cleansing aids the body to naturally eliminate waste from the body. Since toxins are one of the major reasons for fatigue, herbal colon cleansing can result in more energy and vitality!

References:

Cognitive performance, hyperoxia, and heart rate following oxygen administration in healthy young adults. 1: Physiol Behav. 1999 Nov;67(5):783-9. PubMed: 10604851. Vopr Pitan. 1998;(1):39-42. Dietary fibers in diet therapy. PMID: 9606867 J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;40(3):235-43. Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. Wong JM, de Souza R, Kendall CW, Emam A, Jenkins DJ. Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont, Canada. PMID: 16633129.

Kevin Agrawal

Author Bio

NaturalDetox is a manufacturer of colon health supplements that are carefully formulated by a physician. This herbal colon cleanser provides a 3-step approach for colon cleansing, promoting and nutritionally maintaining a healthy colon.

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FOR IMMEDIATELY RELEASE

December 17, 2008

Tampa FL

An apparatus is developed that Prolong the Life of Chemical Cells Indefinitely.

‘In Search of FREE Energy’ Introduces the ‘Immortal Cell’

Immortal Cell composed of a resonant circuitry that when connected to a modified lithium-ion battery (or similar) will alternates the battery’s current in an effort to stagnate chemical depletion, thus awarding the cell immortality, and so doing give birth to a self-regenerative electrical energy source.

Proposed apparatus manipulate battery’s current, converting direct current into alternating current. The electrons never leave the battery’s interfaced region, thus the chemical actions within the cell never get depleted, the cell in now in a state of stagnation, and will never loose its overall charge.

The breakthrough is best described as spontaneous recharging, (not to be mistaking for charging). The newly developed apparatus will transform a direct current cell into an alternating current cell, thus recharging and discharging at high frequency to power external circuit through mutual induction or preferably duplicated induction.

The science behind immortal cell is not completely new; it is achieved by increasing the efficiency of existing technology.

Immortal cell consist primarily of a resonant circuitry, and operate on principles introduced by Nikola Tesla- the principle of disruptive current induction and radiant energy. The proven science, used in LCR series circuits demonstrates the ability to alternate current –at a higher frequency-across applied source potential. The second mystery of LCR is the appearance of cancellation of individual component resistance, a result that allows these circuits to demonstrate (minimal) no energy lost.

The laws of thermodynamics were developed for – yes- thermodynamics. It remains true to all matter that experience energy transfer, which is potential energy to kinetic energy and visa versa, and is therefore applied.

Electricity (electrons) on the other hand, exists only in kinetic energy state and therefore does not experience energy transfer. By generating electrical energy, work is done not to put electrons in motion, but to (steer) align electrons in a given direction. This is why very weak forces such as heat and light can produce electrical energy. It is the analogy of staring a car verses pushing it.

Electrical energy is by no means above the law. But because of electrical energy (electrons) are self propelled, it allows the manipulation of its larger forces to be directed by a much smaller forces, the primary gateway into over unity.

Production of electricity today is like leading heard of sheep using few hundred of army vehicles (brute force); eventually we will set up a stationary markers through which the heard navigate themselves (solid state electricity generators).  Immortal Cell is among the few first generations of sustainable energy sources.

Nathaniel Douglas

Dougiemagnetics.webs.com

dougieresearch@yahoo.com

Dougie Magnetic

Nathaniel Douglas

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