Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services. This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, as do the climate, convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution and availability of domestic energy sources.

All terrestrial energy sources except nuclear, geothermal and tidal are from current solar insolation or from fossil remains of plant and animal life that relied directly and indirectly upon sunlight, respectively. Ultimately, solar energy itself is the result of the Sun’s nuclear fusion. Geothermal power from hot, hardened rock above the magma of the Earth’s core is the result of the decay of radioactive materials present beneath the Earth’s crust, and nuclear fission relies on man-made fission of heavy radioactive elements in the Earth’s crust; in both cases these elements were produced in supernova explosions before the formation of the solar system.

Renewable sources

Renewable energy is an alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power, and was commonly called ”alternative energy” in the 1970s and 1980s. Scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world’s energy with wind, hydroelectric, and solar power by the year 2030, recommending renewable energy subsidies and a price on carbon reflecting its cost for flood and related expenses.

Wind

]

This type of energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms.

; Pros

*Wind power produces no water or air pollution that can contaminate the environment, because there are no chemical processes involved in wind power generation. Hence, there are no waste by-products, such as carbon dioxide.

*Power from the wind does not contribute to global warming because it does not generate greenhouse gases.

*Wind generation is a renewable source of energy, which means that we will never run out of it.

*Wind towers can be beneficial for people living permanently, or temporarily, in remote areas. It may be difficult to transport electricity through wires from a power plant to a far-away location and thus, wind towers can be set up at the remote setting.

*Farming and grazing can still take place on land occupied by wind turbines.

*Those utilizing wind power in a grid-tie configuration will have backup power in the event of a power outage.

*Because of the ability of wind turbines to coexist within agricultural fields, siting costs are frequently low.

; Cons

*Wind is unpredictable; therefore, wind power is not predictably available. When the wind speed decreases less electricity is generated. This makes wind power unsuitable for base load generation.

*Wind farms may be challenged in communities that consider them an eyesore or obstruction.

*Wind farms, depending on the location and type of turbine, may negatively affect bird migration patterns, and may pose a danger to the birds themselves (primarily an issue with older/smaller turbines).

*Windfarms may interfere with radar creating a hole in radar coverage and so affect national security.

*Tall wind turbines have been proven to impact doppler weather radar towers and affect weather forecasting in a negative way. This can be prevented by not having the wind turbines in the radar’s line of sight.

Hydroelectric

In hydro energy, the gravitational descent of a river is compressed from a long run to a single location with a dam or a flume. This creates a location where concentrated pressure and flow can be used to turn turbines or water wheels, which drive a mechanical mill or an electric generator.

In some cases with hydroelectric dams, there are unexpected results. One study shows that a hydroelectric dam in the Amazon has 3.6 times larger greenhouse effect per kW•h than electricity production from oil, due to large scale emission of methane from decaying organic material. This effect applies in particular to dams created by simply flooding a large area, without first clearing it of vegetation. There are however investigations into underwater turbines that do not require a dam. And pumped-storage hydroelectricity can use water reservoirs at different altitudes to store wind and solar power.

; Pros

*Hydroelectric power stations can promptly increase to full capacity, unlike other types of power stations. This is because water can be accumulated above the dam and released to coincide with peak demand.

*Electricity can be generated constantly, so long as sufficient water is available.

*Hydroelectric power produces no primary waste or pollution.

*Hydropower is a renewable resource.

*Much hydroelectric capacity is still undeveloped, such as in Africa.

*The resulting lake can have additional benefits such as doubling as a reservoir for irrigation, and leisure activities such as watersports and fishing, for example Kielder Water in Northumberland, UK.

; Cons

*The construction of a dam can have a serious environmental impact on the surrounding areas. The amount and the quality of water downstream can be affected, which affects plant life both aquatic, and land-based. Because a river valley is being flooded, the local habitat of many species are destroyed, while people living nearby may have to relocate their homes.

*Hydroelectricity can only be used in areas where there is a sufficient and continuing supply of water.

*Flooding submerges large forests (if they have not been harvested). The resulting anaerobic decomposition of the carboniferous materials releases methane, a greenhouse gas.

*Dams can contain huge amounts of water. As with every energy storage system, failure of containment can lead to catastrophic results, e.g. flooding

* Dams create large lakes that may have adverse effects on Earth tectonic system possibly causing intense earthquakes.

*Hydroelectric plants rarely can be erected near load centers, requiring long transmission lines.

Solar

Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air, using sunlight hitting a parabolic mirror to heat water (producing steam), or using sunlight entering windows for passive solar heating of a building. It would be advantageous to place solar panels in the regions of highest solar radiation. In the Phoenix, Arizona area, for example, the average annual solar radiation is 5.7& kW·h/(m²·day), or 2.1 MW·h/(m²·yr). Electricity demand in the continental U.S. is 3.7×1012 kW·h per year. Thus, at 20% efficiency, an area of approximately 3500 square miles (3% of Arizona’s land area) would need to be covered with solar panels to replace all current electricity production in the US with solar power. The average solar radiation in the United States is 4.8& kW·h/(m²·day), but reaches 8–9 kWh/m²/day in parts of the Southwest.

China is increasing worldwide silicon wafer capacity for photovoltaics to 2,000 metric tons by July 2008, and over 6,000 metric tons by the end of 2010. Significant international investment capital is flowing into China to support this opportunity. China is building large subsidized off-the-grid solar-powered cities in Huangbaiyu and Dongtan Eco City. Much of the design was done by Americans such as William McDonough.

; Pros

*Solar power imparts no fuel costs.

*Solar power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy will reach Earth.

*Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution, because there is no combustion of fuels.

*In sunny countries, solar power can be used in remote locations, like a wind turbine. This way, isolated places can receive electricity, when there is no way to connect to the power lines from a plant.

*Solar energy can be used very efficiently for heating (solar ovens, solar water and home heaters) and daylighting.

*Coincidentally, solar energy is abundant in regions that have the largest number of people living off grid — in developing regions of Africa, Indian subcontinent and Latin America. Hence cheap solar, when available, opens the opportunity to enhance global electricity access considerably, and possibly in a relatively short time period.

*Passive solar building design and zero energy buildings are demonstrating significant energy bill reduction, and some are cost-effectively off the grid.

*Photovoltaic equipment cost has been steadily falling and the production capacity is rapidly rising.

*Distributed point-of-use photovoltaic systems eliminate expensive long-distance electric power transmission losses.

*Photovoltaics are much more efficient in their conversion of solar energy to usable energy than biofuel from plant materials.

; Cons

*Solar electricity is currently more expensive than grid electricity.

*Solar heat and electricity are not available at night and may be unavailable because of weather conditions; therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required for off-the-grid applications.

*Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie inverter) when used in currently existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4–12%.

*The chemicals used to manufacture cells, and byproducts can be extremely hazardous.

*The energy payback time — the time necessary for producing the same amount of energy as needed for building the power device — for photovoltaic cells is about 1–5 years, depending primarily on location.

Biomass, agricultural

:”Main articles: Alcohol fuel, Biomass, Vegetable oil economy, vegetable oil as fuel, biodiesel”, ”Ethanol fuel”

Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, the methane produced is captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols.

Vegetable oil is generated from sunlight, H2O, and CO2 by plants. It is safer to use and store than gasoline or diesel as it has a higher flash point. Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first. Vegetable oil can also be transesterified to make biodiesel, which burns like normal diesel.

; Pros

*Biomass production can be used to burn organic byproducts resulting from agriculture.

*Biomass is abundant on Earth and is renewable. Biomass is found throughout the world, a fact that should alleviate energy pressures in third world nations.

*When methods of biomass production other than direct combustion of plant mass are used, such as fermentation and pyrolysis, there is little effect on the environment. Alcohols and other fuels produced by these alternative methods are clean burning and are feasible replacements to fossil fuels.

*Since CO2 is first taken out of the atmosphere to make the vegetable oil and then put back after it is burned in the engine, there is no net increase in CO2. However, there is still the emissions due to fossil fuel used in growing and producing biofuel.

*Vegetable oil has a higher flash point and therefore is safer than most fossil fuels.

*Transitioning to vegetable oil could be relatively easy as biodiesel works where diesel works, and straight vegetable oil takes relatively minor modifications.

*The world already produces more than 100 billion gallons a year for the food industry, so we have experience making it.

*Algaculture has the potential to produce far more vegetable oil per acre than current plants.

*Infrastructure for biodiesel around the World is significant and growing.

; Cons

*Direct combustion of any carbon-based fuel leads to air pollution similar to that from fossil fuels.

*Some researchers claim that when biomass crops are the product of intensive farming, ethanol fuel production results in a net loss of energy after one accounts for the fuel costs of petroleum and natural-gas fertilizer production, farm equipment, and the distillation process.

*Direct competition with land use for food production and water use. As this decreases food supply, the price of food increases world wide.

*Current production methods would require enormous amounts of land to replace all gasoline and diesel. With current technology, it is not feasible for biofuels to replace the demand for petroleum.

*Even with the most-optimistic current energy return on investment claims, in order to use 100% solar energy to grow corn and produce ethanol (fueling machinery with ethanol, distilling with heat from burning crop residues, using NO fossil fuels at all), the consumption of ethanol to replace only the current U.S. petroleum use would require three quarters of all the cultivated land on the face of the Earth.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Two wells are drilled. One well injects water into the ground to provide water. The hot rocks heat the water to produce steam. The steam that shoots back up the other hole(s) is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. When the water temperature is below the boiling point of water a binary system is used. A low boiling point liquid is used to drive a turbine and generator in a closed system similar to a refrigeration unit running in reverse.

; Pros

*Geothermal energy is base load power.

*Economically feasible in high grade areas now.

*Low deployment costs.

*Geothermal power plants have a high capacity factor; they run continuously day and night with an uptime typically exceeding 95%.

*Once a geothermal power station is implemented, there is no cost for fuel, only for operations, maintenance and return on capital investment.

* Since geothermal power stations consume no fuel,there is no environmental impact associated with emissions or fuel handling.

*Geothermal is now feasible in areas where the Earth’s crust is thicker. Using enhanced geothermal technology, it is possible to drill deeper and inject water to generate geothermal power.

*Geothermal energy does not produce air or water pollution if performed correctly.

; Cons

*Geothermal power extracts small amounts of minerals, such as sulfur, that are removed prior to feeding the turbine and re-injecting the water back into the injection well.

*Geothermal power requires locations that have suitable subterranean temperatures within 5& km of surface.

*Some geothermal stations have created geological instability, even causing earthquakes strong enough to damage buildings.

Tidal

Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current, or by building impoundment pond dams that admit-or-release water through a turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy.

; Pros

* Tidal power is free once the dam is built. This is because tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides and does not consume fuel. In addition, the maintenance costs associated with running a tidal station are relatively inexpensive.

* Tides are very reliable because it is easy to predict when high and low tides will occur. The tide goes in and out twice a day usually at the predicted times. This makes tidal energy easy to maintain, and positive and negative spikes in energy can be managed.

* Tidal energy is renewable, because nothing is consumed in the rising of tides. Tidal power relies on the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which pull the sea backwards and forwards, generating tides.

; Cons

* Tidal power is not currently economically feasible, because the initial costs of building a dam are tremendous. Furthermore, it only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is moving in or out of the basin.

* The barrage construction can affect the transportation system in water. Boats may not be able to cross the barrage, and commercial ships, used for transport or fishery, need to find alternative routes or costly systems to go through the barrage.

* The erection of a barrage may affect the aquatic ecosystems surrounding it. The environment affected by the dam is very wide, altering areas numerous miles upstream and downstream. For example, many birds rely on low tides to unearth mud flats, which are used as feeding areas.

* Maximum energy production is limited to 2.5 terawatts. This is the total amount of tidal dissipation or the friction measured by the slowing of the lunar orbit.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Energy development, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Methods of energy storage have been developed, which transform electrical energy into forms of potential energy. A method of energy storage may be chosen on the basis of stability, ease of transport, ease of energy release, or ease of converting free energy from the natural form to the stable form.

Chemical

Some natural forms of energy are found in stable chemical compounds such as fossil fuels. Most systems of chemical energy storage result from biological activity, which store energy in chemical bonds. Man-made forms of chemical energy storage include hydrogen fuel, synthetic hydrocarbon fuel, batteries and explosives such as cordite and dynamite.

Gravitational and hydroelectric

Dams can be used to store energy, by using pumped-storage hydroelectricity, excess energy to pump water into the reservoir. When electrical energy is required, the process is reversed. The water then turns a turbine, generating electricity. Hydroelectric power is currently an important part of the world’s energy supply, generating one-fifth of the world’s electricity.

Thermal

There are several technologies to store heat. Thermal energy from the sun, for example, can be stored in a reservoir or in the ground for daily or seasonal use. Thermal energy for cooling can be stored in ice.

Mechanical pressure

Energy may also be stored pressurized gases or alternatively in a vacuum. Compressed air, for example, may be used to operate vehicles and power tools. Large-scale compressed air energy storage facilities are used to smooth out demands on electricity generation by providing energy during peak hours and storing energy during off-peak hours. Such systems save on expensive generating capacity since it only needs to meet average consumption rather than peak consumption.

*Flywheels and springs

Energy can also be stored in mechanical systems such as springs or flywheels. Flywheel energy storage is currently being used for uninterruptible power supplies.

*Gravitational potential energy storage devices

Energy can be stored by lifting a heavy object vertically using a cable and winch system. Energy can be harvested again by lowering the weight against a dynamo. By using the formula Ug = mgh where 1& Ug is equal to 196& J, and since 1 watt hour = 3600 J it can be determined that an object weighting 1& ton lifted 1& m into the air can store approx. 533 watt hours of energy. Increasing the vertical lift distance to 100 m and the weight to 200 tons leads to a device capable of storing approx. 10.67& mWh of energy. Large-scale implementation of such devices has the potential to serve as a method to store excess alternatively generated energy for when sunlight and/or wind is not available. The costs associated with this form of energy storage are low since the weight can consist of a wide variety of materials (building rubble for example) and also due to the extremely accessible technologies used. Hydroelectric power and storage uses this method.

Electrical capacitance

Electrical energy may be stored in capacitors. Capacitors are often used to produce high intensity releases of energy (such as a camera’s flash).

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can be manufactured at roughly 77 percent thermal efficiency by the method of steam reforming of natural gas. When manufactured by this method it is a derivative fuel like gasoline; when produced by electrolysis of water, it is a form of chemical energy storage as are storage batteries, though hydrogen is the more versatile storage mode since there are two options for its conversion to useful work: (1) a fuel cell can convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process, produce electricity, or (2) hydrogen can be burned (less efficiently than in a fuel cell) in an internal combustion engine.

; Pros

*Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and entirely non-polluting, yielding pure water vapor (with minimal NOx) as exhaust when combusted in air. This eliminates the direct production of exhaust gases that lead to smog, and carbon dioxide emissions that enhance the effect of global warming.

*Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element and has the best energy-to-weight ratio of any fuel (not counting tank mass).

*Hydrogen can be produced anywhere; it can be produced domestically from the decomposition of water. Hydrogen can be produced from domestic sources and the price can be established within the country.

; Cons

*Other than some volcanic emanations, hydrogen does not exist in its pure form in the environment, because it reacts so strongly with oxygen and other elements.

*It is impossible to obtain hydrogen gas without expending energy in the process. There are three ways to manufacture hydrogen;

**By breaking down hydrocarbons — mainly methane (steam reforming). If oil or gases are used to provide this energy, fossil fuels are consumed, forming pollution and nullifying the value of using a fuel cell. It would be more efficient to use fossil fuel directly.

**By electrolysis of water — The process of splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen using electrolysis. It has been calculated that it takes 1.4 joules of electricity to produce 1 joule of hydrogen (Pimentel, 2002).

**By reacting water with a metal such as sodium, potassium, or boron. Chemical by-products would be sodium oxide, potassium oxide, and boron oxide. Processes exist which could recycle these elements back into their metal form for re-use with additional energy input, further eroding the energy return on energy invested.

*There is currently modest fixed infastructure for distribution of hydrogen that is centrally produced, amounting to several hundred kilometers of pipeline. An alternative would be transmission of electricity over the existing electrical network to small-scale electrolyzers to support the widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel.

*Hydrogen is difficult to handle, store, and transport. It requires heavy, cumbersome tanks when stored as compressed hydrogen, and complex insulating bottles if stored as a cryogenic liquid hydrogen. If it is needed at a moderate temperature and pressure, a metal hydride absorber may be needed. The transportation of hydrogen is also a problem because hydrogen leaks effortlessly from containers.

Vehicles

Fossil fuels

Petroleum and natural gas is used to power most transportation.

Batteries

:”Main articles”: battery, battery electric vehicle”

Batteries are used to store energy in a chemical form. As an alternative energy, batteries can be used to store energy in battery electric vehicles. Battery electric vehicles can be charged from the grid when the vehicle is not in use. Because the energy is derived from electricity, battery electric vehicles make it possible to use other forms of alternative energy such as wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear, or hydroelectric.

; Pros

*Current lead acid battery technology offers 50+ miles range on one charge.

*Batteries make it possible for stationary alternative energy generation such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, or nuclear

*Electric motors are 90% efficient compared to about 20% efficiency of an internal combustion engine.

*Battery electric vehicles have fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines, thus improving the reliability of the vehicle.

*Battery electric vehicles are quiet compared to internal combustion engines.

*Operation of a battery electric vehicle is approximately 2 to 4 cents per mile, about a sixth the price of operating a gasoline vehicle.

*The use of battery electric vehicles may reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, depending on the source of the electricity.

; Cons

*Current battery technology is expensive.

*Some of the principal materials required in battery production, such as Lithium, are becoming increasingly scarce

*Battery electric vehicles have a relative short range compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, and recharge times are typically much longer than the time to fill a conventional fuel tank.

*Some batteries (like the Gel battery and the Lead-acid battery) are highly toxic. Spent vehicle batteries present a potential environmental hazard. They are all best recycled at end of life.

*Grid infrastructure and output would need to be improved significantly to accommodate a mass-adoption of grid-charged electric vehicles, although the problem is less if electric vehicles will recharge primarily at night, when electricity demand is currently lowest.

*Some batteries perform less efficiently in cold weather, and a battery electric vehicle lacks a convenient source of waste engine heat to warm the passenger compartment. Accordingly, the test-marketing of some electric vehicles such as the General Motors EV1 took place in warm-weather parts of Arizona and California.

*Some batteries also perform poorly in hot weather.

Compressed air

:”Main articles”: Compressed air vehicle, Air car

The Indian company, Tata, is planning to release a compressed air powered car in 2008.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Energy development, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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The Marketplace Project=

Measures A, B, and C

The Council directed three separate measures, Measures A, Measure B, and Measure C, to placed before the voters of San Luis Obispo on November 16, 2004. Each measure dealt with a different aspect of approving the Marketplace development proposal being considered for the Dalidio property.

Measure A

In order for a development proposal to be approved, it must be consistent with the General Plan, Land Use Element and General Plan Land Use Map. The General Plan Land Use Map is not always clearly defined. In 2001, a development proposal for the Dalidio property site was determined by the city of San Luis Obispo to be consistent with the General Plan Land Use Map and provided for these uses:

* General Retail

* Conservation/Open Space

* Medium-High Density Residential

* Interim Conservation/Open Space (land kept open until constraints to development are overcome)

* for roads

On July 7, 2004, the San Luis Obispo City Council adopted Resolution No. 9590 amending the 1994 General Plan Land Use Map. This resolution was the subject of a referendum petition that was put forward by registered voters of San Luis Obispo. Because the referendum was signed by more than 10 per cent of registered voters, the San Luis Obispo City Council was required to either repeal the resolution or put it before the voters. They decided to put it to a vote. The vote was held on November 16, 2004. Resolution No. 9590 looked to amend the 1994 General Plan Land Use Map to provide for the following uses:

* General Retail

* Conservation/Open Space

* Office

* Medium-High Density Residential

* for interchange and other roadways”

Measure B

As the Dalidio site is not technically within the San Luis Obispo City limits and has not been annexed to the City, it is not protected by city zoning regulations. On August 3, 2004, the San Luis Obispo City Council adopted Ordinance No. 1449, which was the subject of a referendum petition that was put forward by registered voters of San Luis Obispo. Because the referendum was signed by more than 10 per cent of registered voters, the San Luis Obispo City Council was required to either repeal the resolution or put it before the voters. They decided to put it to a vote. The vote was held on November 16, 2004.

Ordinance 1449 prezoned the Dalidio property as follows (following changes were consistent with the amended General Plan Land Use Map adopted by the San Luis Obispo City Council on July 7, 2004.):

* Retail Commercial with a planned development overlay (this part of the action approved a preliminary development plan for the project)

* Office with special consideration overlay

* Medium High Residential with special consideration overlay

* Agriculture

* Conservation/Open Space

* for interchange and roads

(All changes above were conditioned upon final annexation of the site into San Luis Obispo city limits-upon which the prezoning designations would become the zoning regulations for the Dalidio property.)

Measure C

Along with the development proposal for the Dalidio property, the developer proposed a development agreement. In January 2004, the San Luis Obispo City Council approved the general terms for inclusion in a development agreement and directed for a negotiation of a final agreement to be completed for consideration. On August 11, 2004, the San Luis Obispo City Council adopted Ordinance No. 1452 approving a Development Agreement/Special Tax Reimbursement Agreement between the city of San Luis Obispo and the developer. This ordinance was the subject of a referendum petition that was put forward by registered voters of San Luis Obispo. Because the referendum was signed by more than 10 per cent of registered voters, the San Luis Obispo City Council was required to either repeal the resolution or put it before the voters. They decided to put it to a vote. The vote was held on November 16, 2004.

Ordinance No. 1452’s Development Agreement/Special Tax reimbursement Agreement provide the following:

* Developer is allowed to develop in substantial conformity with the preliminary development plan approved by Ordinance No. 1449.

* City rules and fees in effect at the time the Development Agreement takes effect, or as otherwise provided in the agreement, control over later adopted rules.

* Processing of additional approvals must be consistent with the agreement and the applicable rules.

* Developer will provide a conservation easement preserving on site in agriculture or open space.

* Developer will pay up to $192,00 to preserve off-site in open space.

* Developer will ensure construction of the Prado Road interchange (no building permits for project until interchange construction contract awarded).

* 70 per cent of the interchange will be funded through a community facilities district bond for which developer will be wholly responsible for repayment.

* Up to 50 per cent of defined excess sales tax revenue (DESTR), per the Special Tax Reimbursement Agreement, may be reimbursed to developer to meet its bond obligation.

* Adjustments to DESTR will be made to discourage uses in the project that negatively impact downtown.

* Remainder of tax revenue (50 per cent or more) goes to the city of San Luis Obispo.

Pros of the Marketplace Project

An increased amount of sales tax revenue would be divided among the city and the developers of the Marketplace. The project would prove beneficial for the city as well as the county because of this influx in tax revenue. Although the city would lose approximately 30% of the $1.5 million increase due to the exiting of small businesses in San Luis Obispo, the remaining 70% would pay off the expenses for the new freeway overpass connecting Prado Road to Madonna Road.. Proponents of the Marketplace Project concentrated on the economic benefits that this development would have brought into San Luis Obispo, as well as the construction financing for the overpass. The project also kept residents’ concerns about giant retailers in mind. In fact, Ernie Dalidio, owner of the property in question, reassured county residents of his commitment to keeping Wal-Mart, a super store known for trumping local businesses, out of the Marketplace Project. The Marketplace Project was proposed in an attempt to further develop the city of San Luis Obispo, provide a means of paying for an overpass that has been in city planning since 1994, and raise revenue being brought into the county.

Cons of the Marketplace Project

Opponents of the Marketplace project argued that the area is prime agricultural land, which would be wasted if handed over to developers. Opponents also argued that the project would possibly shift the traditional farming atmosphere of San Luis Obispo to an indistinguishable atmosphere that could be of “anywhere America” .. Replacing the land with retailers would create a void in the amount of land capable of sustaining farming in the county. They also looked at the impact of the Marketplace project on small business owners in downtown San Luis Obispo and county-wide, and believed it was not in their best interest, since many local businesses would have been pressured out by larger retailers taking the majority of their customers.

—-

Dalidio Ranch Initiative Measure, Measure J-06

Measure J is an initiative representing Ernie Dalidio’s second attempt to develop his land. This measure will determine whether the San Luis Obispo County General Plan, Title 22, and official maps will have to be amended. If approved, Measure J will add provisions to the General Plan, creating a specific zoning area intended to comply with the Dalidio land use. Also, the property owner, Ernie Dalidio, will be given exclusive rights to fund and develop his building project and exclude the County from any decision making regarding the development of the property. The initiative also states that permitted uses of the property may include retail, corporate business, residential, recreation and open space. However, the project and initiative do not solely focus on new development. The existing on-site barn and Victorian farm house will be relocated to a separate location on the Dalidio property as well. These structures will be rehabilitated and made accessible to the public. Many “conditions of approval” have been created as a result of the proponents of the measure. In these conditions, it is stated that four million dollars, which would otherwise be applied to design, will be conditionally applied to the construction of a Highway 101 overpass at Prado Road.

If the measure passes, it will be exempt from all County ordinances, guidelines, and regulations. In addition, all codes surrounding regulation and land use, including Title 22 and Title 26, the Growth Management Ordinance, may be ignored upon passing of the measure. In short, Ernie Dalidio will have free rein over the planning and development of his land without required approval from County officials. Voting yes on Measure J will allow the amendment of the General Plan and development of the Dalidio property for mixed uses described in detail in the measure. Voting no on Measure J will prevent the amendment of the General Plan and development of the Dalidio Property for mixed uses described in detail in the measure.

Pros of Measure J

San Luis Obispo citizens in favor of Measure J support the development of the proposed marketplace on the Dalidio property. Supporters believe the parcel of farmland is no longer productive because it is surrounded by commercial property and the 101 freeway. They believe that the development of the marketplace will create more job opportunities for the San Luis Obispo area and help generate funds to finance a substantial portion of the planned Prado Road overpass. Without development of the Dalidio Ranch there will be no available private funds to build the Prado Road overpass, and the project will be more costly to build. Also, it is believed that tax revenues generated from Dalidio Ranch development will benefit the San Luis Obispo County, whereas much of the revenue currently goes to Santa Barbara County. The proposed project has completed two Environmental Impact Reports and has already met the environmental standards outlined in the development plan.

Many San Luis Obispo citizens also support the many biological enhancements that will be included within the development. For example, the project would farm native plants and will refrain from developing on sensitive wetland and riparian habitats on the property. The “green”, or environmentally friendly, features in the project will include: a Monarch butterfly natural habitat preserve and viewing area, a mile-long bike path, a seven-day-a-week farmers’ market, a organic farm, a Blue Heron nesting habitat preserve, Perfumo Creek Open Space corridor, construction-waste recycling, more than 650 trees (many selected for shadow size), dark sky at night-minimum allowable nighttime light levels per safety regulations, energy-efficient energy production including solar panels on some of the buildings, and water efficiency through the use of native plants where practical. The San Luis Obispo City Council originally voted in favor of the project, as did 65% of citizens. Supporters believe that the fate of the Dalidio Ranch should be in the hands of San Luis Obispo citizens, and most of all the property owner, Ernie Dalidio.

Cons of Measure J

Opponents of Measure J argue that developing the of land would further change the agricultural, small-town feel of San Luis Obispo by further engulfing the city with big businesses. They believe this would create income deficits for the small businesses in downtown San Luis Obispo, and only serve to build duplicates of large retailers already built in the county. They argue that the creation of a freeway overpass connecting Prado Road with Madonna Road will add an estimated 30,000 additional car trips per day , resulting in Highway 101 Traffic Gridlock due to the higher volume of vehicles on the road. They claim the overpass will also collectively cost taxpayers millions in roadwork as well as flood-control projects. Measure J opposition argues that the funds allocated to the Dalidio Ranch project will impact regional funding for other projects in the county such as roadwork on Highways 46 and 101, Brisco Road, and Willow Road. Those who reject the Measure J proposal do so with the belief that giving the San Luis Obispo County electorate the right to decide the future of the local agricultural community sets a dangerous precedent, as few residents have the ability to make well-educated decisions regarding zoning and development planning for San Luis Obispo.

Court ruling of February 1, 2008

On February 1, 2008, San Luis Obispo Superior Court Judge Roger Picquet overturned Measure J, which was passed by voters on a previous ballot in 2006. He ruled that Measure J “is not a proper subject for an initiative because the approval of the particular development project…is an adjudicatory and not a pure legislative act.” The judge decided that the proposed project site is within the San Luis Obispo’s airport land-use area and interferes with the State Aeronautics Act, which requires local airports to establish plans for safety around airfields. The development of Measure J is now at a halt, and the county is not permitted to process any applications to implement the project any further at this time.

Court ruling of August 4, 2009

The 2nd Court of Appeal in Ventura, CA overturned Judge Piquet’s February 2008 ruling on a 3-0 vote, reinstating the validity of [Measure J]. In its ruling, the court opined, “… our review of this appeal is also strictly circumscribed by the long-established rule of according extraordinarily broad deference to the electorate’s power to enact laws by initiative. The state constitutional right of initiative or referendum is ‘one of the most precious rights of democratic process.’ These powers are reserved to the people, not granted to them. Thus, it is our duty to ‘jealously guard’ these powers.”

This court decision also gave Dalidio the option of refiling a RICO lawsuit against the San Luis Obispo Downtown Association (DTA) as well as the LLC, Citizens for Planning Responsibly (CPR), that vigorously opposed Measure J and filed the lawsuits to overturn it.

The appellate court ruled that Measure J was legislative and not adjudicative, and decided that the airport land use issue is “without merit.” Other arguments against Dalidio were summarily disposed.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Dalidio Ranch Project Controversy, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Friedman has hosted several documentaries for the Discovery Channel from several locations around the world. In ”Straddling the Fence” (2003), he visited the West Bank and spoke to Israelis and Palestinians about the Israeli West Bank barrier and its impact on their lives. Also in 2003, ”Thomas L. Friedman Reporting: Searching for the Roots of 9/11” aired on the Discovery Times Channel. This program investigated the reason for Muslim hatred of the United States, and how the Sept. 11th attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and the Pentagon were viewed in the Muslim world.

In ”The Other Side of Outsourcing” (2004), he visited a call centre in Bangalore, interviewing the young Indians working there, and then travelled to an impoverished rural part of India, where he debated the pros and cons of globalization with locals (this trip spawned his eventual best-selling book ”The World is Flat”).

In ”Does Europe Hate Us?” (2005), Friedman travelled through Britain, France and Germany, talking with academics, journalists, Marshall and Rhodes scholars, young Muslims and others about the nature of the strained relationship between Europe and the United States.

”Addicted to Oil” (2006) premièred at the Silverdocs Documentary Festival at 5:30 PM on June 16, 2006, and aired on June 24, 2006 on the Discovery Times Channel. In it he examined the geopolitical, economic, and environmental consequences of petroleum use and ways that green technologies such as alternative fuels and energy efficiency and conservation can reduce oil dependence.

In ”Green: The New, Red, White and Blue” (2007) Friedman elaborates on the green technologies and efforts touched on in ”Addicted to Oil” and in doing so, attempts to redefine green energy as ”geostrategic, geoeconomic, capitalistic and patriotic”. He explores efforts by companies and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint and save money with conservation, efficiency, and technologies such as solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, and clean coal.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Thomas Friedman, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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*Dewey, John: “Freedom of Expression” (1930)

*Diamant, Anita: “The Good City: Writers Explore 21st Century Boston” (2004)

*DiGrazia, Comm. Robert J.: “The Police and the Public” (1973)

*Dimnet, Abbe Ernest: “The Art of Thinking” (1930), “The Everlasting European Crisis Explained” (1939)

*Dobbs, Lou: “Independents Day: Awakening the American Spirit” (2007)

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*Douglas, Paul H.: “Inflation and the Federal Budget” (1952)

*Douglas, Scott: “Campaign Finance as a Civil Rights Issue” (1999)

*Downes, Olin: “Music and the Changing Social Order” (1944)

*Dreiser, Theodore: “To Barcelona and Back” (1938)

*Drew, Elizabeth: “Showdown in Washington D.C.” (1996)

*Drinan, Robert F.: “Divorce in a Materialistic Society” (1957), “The Rights of Parents Under Our American Educational System” (1959), “Why Congress Must Assert Itself in ’72″ (1971), “Why Remember: Lessons the Holocaust Can Teach Us Today” (1993)

*Drummond, Roscoe: “Explosive South America: Democracy, Communism or Fascism?” (1962)

*Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt: “The Future of the Darker Races” (1920), “The Hypocrisy of White Folk” (1926)

*Dukakis, Kitty: “Shock” (2007)

*Dukakis, Michael: “Shock” (2007)

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*Duke, Paul: “Washington Week in Review” (1978)

*Dunn, Nora: “Freedom of Expression and Censorship in Arts” (1990)

*Dunner, Joseph: “Can We Re-Educate the Axis People?” (1944), “Palestine- An Adventure in Peace-Making” (1949)

*Durant, Will J.: “The Psychological Differences Between Man and Woman” (1925), “Is Progress Real?” (1928), “A Blue Print For Better America” (1941), “What Are the Lessons of History” (1945)

*Duranty, Walter: “What Makes Russians Fight” (1942)

*Duvall, Robert F.: “The Campaign for Economic Literacy” (2000)

*Earls, Felton: “Children’s Right to Non-Violence: Commemorating the United Nations’ Decade for a Culture of Peace” (2001)

*Eban, Abba: “Social and Cultural Problems of the Near East” (1951), “Alliances in the Middle East” (1957)

*Eck, Diana: “Encountering God” (1994)

*Eddy, Dr. Sherwood: “Pacifism Is Not Necessary” (1925), “Japan and Communism *Battling for China” (1935), (1936)

*Edelman, Marian Wright: “Unprotected and At Risk: The State of Childhood in America” (1987), “Current Challenges in Civil Rights” (1996)

*Edmundson, Mark: “Humanities Lost and Found” (1997)

*Edwards, Mickey: “What in the World Should We Do?: U.S. Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow” (2003)

*Elie Jr., Rudolph: “Eye-Witness Report: life and Art in Russia” (1956)

*Eliot, Thomas H.: “Industrial Peace or Industrial Warfare” (1946)

*Elliot, Charles Brooke: “What Can Be Done About India?- British and Indian Points of View” (1943)

*Ellsberg, Daniel: “Star Wars II: Opposing SDI” (1986)

*Eltahawy, Mona: “You Don’t Know US: Voices from the Moderate Muslim Majority” (2007)

*Enriquez, Juan: “Financial Crises, Technology, and Why Boston Might Just be the Center of the Universe (at least for now)” (2009)

*Ephron, Nora: “Crazy Salad: Some Things About Women in the Age of Liberation” (1975)

*Erskine, John: “This Is a Good Time to Live” (1941)

*Evers, Charles: “The Man Who Cares” (1970)

*Eytinge, Louis Victor: “Prison Reform” (1923)

*Fanning, Katherine: “The News in the ’90s” (1990)

*Farmer, James: “The Civil Rights Revolution” (1963), “New Trends in the Civil Rights Struggle” (1964), “Freedom- When?” (1970)

*Farnsworth, Dana L.: “Drugs: Do They Develop Open or Closed Minds?” (1969)

*Fast, Howard: “Changes in the Soviet System: Real or Imagined?” (1956)

*Fechner, Robert: “Questioning Our Working Class Prejudices” (1930)

*Feder, Donald: “Campus Revolt: Reconstruction of Destruction” (1969)

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*Feingold, Ellen: “The Federal Government and Social and Services and Social Responsibility” (1982)

*Feith, Dougles: “War and Decision” (2008)

*Fellman,Gordon: “Rambo and the Dalai Lama: The Compulsion to Win and Its Threat to Human Survival” (2000)

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*Ferguson, Ron: “30 Years After School Busing: Where Do We Go Next” (2004)

*Ferraro, Geraldine: “After Reagan: What Next?” (1988)

*Fieger, Geoffrey: “The Morality of Physician-Assisted Suicide” (1996)

*Figueres, Jose (1962)

*Ferry, David: “MA Poetry in Hard Times: What the Best of Bay State bards Offer us in Bad Times and Good” (2009)

*Filene, Edward A.: “The Growing Pains of Democracy” (1913)

*Finkelstein, Sydney: “Think Again: Why Good Leaders Make bad becisions and How to Keep it From Happening to You (2009)

*Fischer, Louis: “Is Russia a World Menace?” (1935), “Moscow- The Dangerous Enigma” and “The Soviets in World Affairs” (1939), “Winners and Losers in the War” (1940), “The Shape of Things to Come” (1941), “At Home with Gandhi” (1942), “What Are Russia’s War Aims?” (1943), “The Fight for Peace” (1944), “America, the Atomic Bomb, and Russia” (1945), “What Can I Do?”(1950), “Eye-Witness Report 2: Satellites in Revolt ” (1957)

*Fish, Hamilton: “Can Private Business Unaided by War Trade Restore Prosperity to America?”(1939), “Is there Political Hysteria in America?” (1950)

*Fisher, Listo: “Frontier Justice” (2004)

*Fisher, Roger: “The Arab-Israeli Conflict” (1970)

*Fitzgerald, Paul: “Afghanistan Between Three Worlds” (1999), “Afghanistan and Freedom of the Press in the United States” (2002), “Afghanistan’s Untold Story and the Road Ahead” (2009)

*Fitzgerald, Susan: “How I Shall Vote and Why” (1920)

*Flaherty,Tina Santi: “What Jackie Taught Us: Lessons for the Remarkable Life of Jackie Kennedy Onassis” (2004)

*Fleischer, Dr. Charles: “Mixed Marriages” (1925)

*Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley: “Labor and the Courts” (1923)

*Flynn, John T.: “Is I Were President” (1934), “Drifting Towards War” (1936), (1939)

*Flynn, Sean: “Policing Baghdad” (2004)

*Flynt, Larry: “Pornography, An Inalienable Right?” (1977)

*Fogelman, Eva: “Conscience and Courage” (1995)

*Forbes, Beatrice: “The Women of the Future” (1921)

*Ford, Reverend George B.: “Some Problems the Home Front Must Solve” (1947)

*Forester, Arnold: “The Black Muslim Movement and the John Birch Society” (1961)

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*Fowler, The Rev. Anne C.: “Fundamental Difference/ Constructive Relationships” (2002)

*Frank, Barney: “Gay Rights” (1979), “What Can Be Done About Crime in the Street” (1980), “The New Right, The New Left: Their Place in Government and Politics” (1981), “An Overview of Ethics for the Eighties” (1983), “A Democratic Agenda for 1988 and Beyond” (1987), “Election 88: A Review and Forecast” (1988), “Civil Rights in the 104th Congress: What Will it Mean for Boston?” (1995), “Election 2000: A Review and Forecast” (2000), “The 2002 Election Results: What Do They Mean?” (2002), “One Day Later: Insights on the 2004 Presidential Race” (2004), “Election 2008: Review and Forecast” (2008)

*Frank, Lawrence K.: “Beyond Freud: New Frontiers in Psychiatry” (1961)

*Frankfurter, Felix: “The Meaning of the Progressive Movement” (1925), “An American’s Observations in England ad Palestine” (1934)

*Fraser, Douglas: “Labor and Business Ethics” (1984)

*Freud, Ernestine: “What Makes the German People ‘Tick’?” (1944)

*Friedrich, Prof. Carl J.: “The New Belief in the Common Man” and “Not Wanted: A Ministry of Propaganda” (1942), “Palestine and Peace: Problems of Foreign Policy” (1944)

*Fritz, Rod: “Policing Baghdad” (2004)

*Fromkin, David: “Kosovo Crossing: American Ideals Meet Reality on the Balkans Battlefields” (1999)

*Fromson, John A. M.D., “Medical Errors and Patient Safety” (2004)

*Frost, Robert: “An Evening with Robert Frost” (1955), (1957), (1958), (1959), (1960), (1961)

*Frothingham, Dr. Channing: “Why Should Organized Medicine Oppose Compulsory Health Insurance?” (1950)

*Fuchs, Lawrence H.: “Race and Religion in the Ballot Box” (1956)

*Fuller, R. Buckminister: “Humans in Universe” (1972), “The New Reality” (1975)

*Galbraith, John Kenneth: “Sex, Science, and Theology vs. Growth Rates” (1963), The End of the Heroic Age in American Foreign Policy” (1971), “Politics: Retrospect and Prospect” (1972), “Must We Have Inflation or Recession or Both” (1979), “The Conservative Revolt” (1981), “Reagan and his Economists Reviewed” (1983), “A Conversation on the Economy” (1986), “Lessons from the Past: What Citizens Need to Know for the Future of Democracy” (1996)

*Galinsky, Ellen: “The Day Care Puzzle” (1986)

*Gallagher,Maggie: “The Case Against Same-Sex Marriage” (2006)

*Gamble, Nicki Nichols: “Fundamental Difference/ Constructive Relationships” (2002)

*Ganser, Connie Crowley: “Medical Errors and Patient Safety” (2004)

*Gates, John: “Has U.S. Communism a Future?” (1957)

*Gates, Jr., Henry Louis: “Voices in Black and White: Contributors to Harper’s Magazine Explore Issues of Race” (1992), “Remembering the Ladies: Boston Celebrates a New Women’s Memorial” (2003)

*Gates, Robert: “An Insider’s Look at the Cold War” (1996)

*George, William R.: “The Smallest Republic in the World” (1922)

*Gergan, David R.: “Lowell Lecture: The Rights and Responsibilities of a Free Press” (1986), “The Clinton Administration: The First 100 Days” (1993)

*Gerstenfeld, Rabbi Norman: “History and Covenant- America Faces the Future” (1952)

*Gezork, Herbert: “Are We Losing the War on the Racial Front?” and “What’s Going On in Germany” (1945)

*Gibbons, Herbert Adams: “To Be in the League of Nations, or Not to Be- That is the Question” (1925)

*Gideon, Henry: “Music and Men” (1924)

*Gideonse, Harry D.: “They New Liberalism” (1940), “Foreign Policy- Design for Drift?” (1951)

*Gilbert, Charlene: “Homecoming: The Story of African-American Farmers” (2001)

*Gilbreth, Frank: “The Effect of Scientific Management on the Worker” (1925)

*Gilbreth, Mrs. Frank B.: “The Man’s Place in the Home” (1925)

*Gilman, Charlotte Perkins: “What Feminism Is and Isn’t”, (1923) “Lop-Sided Religion” (1916), “Americans Versus Aliens”(1925)

*Ginzberg, Alexander: “The Continuing Struggle for Human Rights” (1981)

*Gitlow, Benjamin: “Does Communism Threaten Our America Way of Life?” (1949)

*Gittelsohn, Rabbi Roland: “What Jews Ask of Their Christian Neighbors” (1946), “Public Money and Private Schools” (1962)

*Glassman, James K.: “Is Government Strangling the New Economy?” (2001)

*Glickman, Lillian: “The Aging Odyssey: Elders in the New Millennium” (2000)

*Goldberg, Hannah L.: “Book Review” (1939), “Book Review-’Oliver Wiswell’” (1941), “Ford Hall Folks Business Meeting, review Pearl Buck’s “Dragon Seed”" (1942)

*Golden, Renny: “Sanctuary: Moral Imperatives and Illegal Acts” (1986)

*Golding, Louis: “Moscow or Palestine” (1935)

*Goodell, Charles E.: “Will Nixon Survive in ’72″ (1971)

*Goodman, Ellen “The Changing Roles of Men and Women- Can We Have it All?” (1981)

*Goodridge, Hillary: “What at the Heart of Marriage? Same-Sex Couples and Legal Rights” (2002)

*Goodridge, Jill: “What at the Heart of Marriage? Same-Sex Couples and Legal Rights” (2002)

*Gore, Albert: “Earth in the Balance: The Environmental Crisis for Our Nation and Our World” (1992)

*Gould, Elizabeth: “Afghanistan Between Three Worlds” (1999), “Afghanistan and Freedom of the Press in the United States” (2002), “Afghanistan’s Untold Story and the Road Ahead” (2009)

*Gould, Stephen Jay: “Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life” (2001)

*Graham, Fred: “The Right to Privacy vs. Free Press” (1980)

*Grant, Rev. Percy Stickney “Progress” (1922)

*Greco, Michael: “The Creative Economy Initiative: The Role of the Arts and Culture in New England’s Economic Competitiveness” (2001)

*Greenstein, Robert: “Childhood Hunger in America: Our Future at Risk” (1991)

*Greenberg, Kenneth S.: “Nat Turner: Troublesome Property” (2009)

*Greer, Germaine: “Population Control: The New Fascism” (1974)

*Gregory, Dick “Black Power and Civil Rights” (1968), “Social Problems- Social or Antisocial” (1971), “Are Minorities Really Powerless?” (1980)

*Goldman, Marshall: “Power, Petroleum, and Flawed Succession: The Roots and Impact of Putin’s Russia” (2007)

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*Griffin Jr., L. F.: “Campus Revolt: Reconstruction of Destruction” (1969)

*Griggs, Edward Howard: “The Future of Democracy” (1921), “The Education of American Citizenship” (1922)

*Grogan, Paul: “The Good City: Writers Explore 21st Century Boston” (2004)

*Gross, Terry: “1997 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (1997)

*Guerrero, Rodrigo: “Children’s Right to Non-Violence: Commemorating the United Nations’ Decade for a Culture of Peace” (2001),

*Guiney, Ellen: “30 Years After School Busing: Where Do We Go Next” (2004)

*Gullette, Margaret Morganroth “Aged by Culture” (2006)

*Gutierrez, Gita “Guantanamo Bay: Who are the Detainees and Why Does the U.S. Continue to Hold Them?” (2006)

*Gutman, Ethan: “The Great Firewall of China” (2006)

*H. Rust, Reverend Charles: “A Christian’s Appreciation of Jesus” (1923)

*Haas, Reverend Francis J.: “The Rights and Wrongs in Industry” (1934)

*Hagen, Paul: “How to Destroy Nazism Forever” (1944)

*Hagopian, Elaine: “What in the World Should We Do?: U.S. Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow” (2003)

*Haig, Alexander: “Developing a National Agenda: Issues for the 1990s” (1987)

*Halberstam, David: “The Power of the Media” (1979), “The Effect of Sports On American Society” (1984)

*Haldane, Prof. J. B. S.: “Is There a Chosen Race?” (1935)

*Hale, Robertson: “The Women of the Future” (1921)

*Hall, David: “Civil Rights in the 104th Congress: What Will it Mean for Boston?” (1995)

*Hamilton, Nigle: “History and the Kennedys” (1993)

*Hammer, Marion: “Freedom! Can We Save It?” (1996)

*Hampton, Henry “Eyes on the Prize: Setting the Course for America’s Racial Future” (1987)

*Hanc, Josep: “Ford Hall Folks Business Meeting, Hitler’s Protection” (1941)

*Handlin, Oscar: “Can a Catholic Be Elected President of the United States?” (1958)

*Hapgood, Norman: “The Next Administration” (1920)

*Hardiman, Joe: “The Future of Capital Markets: Continuing Evolution, Unprecedented Opportunity” (1993)

*Hardisty, Jean: “Kitchen Table Backlash: The Anti-Feminist Women’s Movement” (2000)

*Harlow, S. Ralph: “Is Zionism Fair to the Arabs?” (1945)

*Harman, Ambassador Avraham: “Israel’s Future in the Middle East” (1960)

*Harold Clurman,: “The Contemporary Scene in the American Theatre” (1953)

*Harriman, Averell: “Peace with Russia?” (1959)

*Harrington, Michael: “A Progressive Agenda for Equity and Justice” (1988)

*Harris, Dr. Thomas A.: “I’m OK- You’re O.K.” (1973)

*Harris, Jay: “Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib” (2004), “Breaking Ranks” (2005)

*Harrison, Thomas Que: “The Religious Spirit an Modern Youth” (1925)

*Harsch, Joseph C.: “Europe and Middle East Turmoil” (1956)

*Harshbarger, Scott: “Campaign Finance as a Civil Rights Issue” (1999)

*Hart, Gary: “The Good Flight: The Education of an American Reformer” (1993)

*Hastie, William H.: “Uncle Same and His Overseas Possessions” (1951), “Our Rationalizations of Racism” (1952)

*Hayes Jr., Barlett H.: “The Public and Modern Art” (1957)

*Hayes, Randall: “How to Save the Rainforests” (1990)

*Hays, Arthur Garfield: “What is Un-American” (1949)

*Hays, Martin,: “How I Shall Vote and Why” (1920)

*Healey, Lieutenant Governor Kerry: “The Elephant in the State House: Republican Success in “Democratic” Massachusetts” (2003)

*Heaney, Seamus: “The Sound of Poetry” (1987)

*Hechinger, Mr. and Mrs. Fred M.: “Teen-Age Tyranny” (1963)

*Hecker, Julius (1936)

*Heller, Rabbi Bernard: “A Christian’s Appreciation of Jesus” (1923)

*Hentoff, Nat: “Is Any For of Speech So Harmful, So Disgusting, So Dangerous, or So Offensive That It Should Not Be Spoken or Published?” (1993)

*Herring, Hubert: “Latin America, Germany, and the United States” (1941)

*Hersh, Seymour: “The Price of Power: Journalism and Foreign Policy” (1984), “Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib” (2004)

*Hershey, General Lewis B.: “Our Draft Laws- Fair or Unjust?” (1966)

*Hiatt, Arnold , “The Day Care Puzzle” (1986), “How to do Well by Doing Good” (1994)

*Hicks, Granville: “Has U.S. Communism a Future?” (1957)

*Higgins, Marguerite: “Maggie”, “On the Rim of the Iron Curtain” (1951)

*Hill, Anita F.: “The 2008 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (2008)

*Hilldring, General John H.: “The Through About the Potsdam Agreement” (1948)

*Hillman, Sidney: “Reconstruction in Russia” (1923)

*Hillquit, Morris: “The Coming Political Realignment” (1924)c

*Hindus, Maurice: “Russia and Germany Must Fight” and “Stalin and Hitler- Friends or Enemies?” (1940), “What I Saw in Russia” (1943), “Russia- Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow” (1945), “Russia Today and Tomorrow” (1946), “No War With Russia” (1947), “Russia’s Great Mistake” (1948), (1949), “Communism’s Failure in Europe” (1950), “Iran and the Middle East: The Coming Battle with Russia” (1952), “The 22nd Soviet Congress- Khrushchev’s Triumphs and Failures” (1961)

*Hirsch, Jr., E.D.: “The Schools We Need” (1997)

*Hirsh, James: “Debating Reparations for Slavery” (2002)

*Hirshberg, CEO Gary: “A Consumer’s Right to Know: Are Our Food Standards Clear Enough?” (1998), “Stirring it Up: How to Make Money and Save the World” (2008)

*Hitchens, Christopher: “The Media: Too Aggressive or Too Docile?” (1993)

*Hitler, William Patrick: “What the German People Are Thinking” (1939)

*Hoffman, Mike: “Breaking Ranks” (2005)

*Hogan, Frances X.: “Fundamental Difference/ Constructive Relationships” (2002)

*Holmes, Arthur: “What of the Backward Child?” (1916)

*Holmes, John Haynes “What Shall We Think of the Bolsheviks?” (1920), “Our Growing District of Democracy: Is It justified?” (1921), “Europe in 1922 as One Traveler Saw It” (1922), “Five Years After the War A Pacifist Looks at the World” (1924), “Race, Prejudice: Its Causes and Cure” (1925), “Shall Out Theaters Be Censored” (1926), “Hitler and the Peace of the World” (1935), “Why War Does Not Come” (1936), (1939), “Did Russia Sell Us Out?” (1940), “Dangers That Beset Us Now” (1941), (1942), “There Can Be No Peace Unless…..” (1943), “The Riddle of Russia” (1944), , “Shall We Conscript America?” (1945), “The Heritage of Stephen S. Wise” (1950),

*Holtman, Elizabeth: “The Role of Congress in America’s Future” (1977)

*Homans, Jr., William P.: “Human Rights- A Challenge for Everyone” (1975)

*Hook, Sidney: “The Fifth Amendment- Freedom and Security” (1957)

*Hooks, Benjamin: “Justice for All?” (1985)

*Horgan, Michael J.: “What at the Heart of Marriage? Same-Sex Couples and Legal Rights” (2002)

*Howe, Irving: “Hollywood, Radio, and TV: What Is Our Mass Culture Doing to Us?” (1956)

*Howe, Mark DeWolfe: “The Eisenhower Administration- Hopes and Fears” (1953)

*Howe, Quincy: “The Soviet-American Future” (1947)

*Hsieh, Dr. Tehyi: “What China Means to the U.S.A. ” (1921)

*Huang, Yasheng “The Future of the Democratic Reform Movement in China” (1989)

*Hudson, Manley O.: “To Be in the League of Nations, or Not to Be- That is the Question” (1925)

*Huffington, Arianna: “Pigs and the Trough: How Corporate Greed and Political Corruption Are Undermining America” (2003)

*Hughs, Langston: “Mother to Son” (1937), “Are We Solving Our Own Race Problems?” (1946)

*Hulbert, Homer B.: “A Yank in the Far East” (1922)

*Hull, Gloria T.: “Education for a More Inclusive Society” (1988)

*Hume, Ellen: “Covering the Presidential Campaign: Lessons for 1992″ (1989)

*Hunter- Gault, Charlayne: “In my Place” (1992)

*Hutchins, Dr. Robert M.: “The State of Liberty” (1956)

*Huxley, Julian: “Does Science Leave Any Room for God?” (1930), “Science and the World Crisis” (1935)

*Ianno, Dominick, “The Elephant in the State House: Republican Success in “Democratic” Massachusetts” (2003)

*Ifill, Gwen: “The 2009 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (2009)

*Inman, Samuel Guy, “Argentine Fascism Challenges Democracy” (1946), “Internationalization of Jerusalem: Is It Dangerous? Is It Necessary?” (1950)

*Innis, Roy: “Community Self-Determination- And Alternative to Chaos” (1968)

*Ireland, Roderick L.: “Trapped by Trouble: Violent Teens, Juvenile Justice, and Rehabilitation” (2001)

*Irvine, Dr. Alexander: “What’s Wrong With the World” (1921)

*Iyenaga, Dr. Toyokichi: “Is There a Yellow Peril?” (1920)

*Jackson, Henry M.: “Eye-Witness Report 1: The Russian Dilemma” (1957)

*Jackson, Regina A.: “The Haitian Diaspora in Boston” (2004)

*Jackson, Reverend Jesse L.: “Give the People a Vision” (1973), (1976), “Education: Foundation for Democracy” (1983)

*Jacoby, Jeff: “The Case for Capital Punishment” (2002), “You Don’t Know US: Voices from the Moderate Muslim Majority” (2007), “The Bluest State” (2008)

*Jaenisch, Rudolf “Stem Cells: Where Will the Road Lead?” (2006)

*Janeway, Elliot: “Where Do We Go from Here? The Economy of the Future” (1976)

*Jarvis, Judy: “Talk Radio: Political Platform for the People” (1993)

*Jaw, John: “The Great Firewall of China” (2006)

*John, Robert S.: “Ever-changing Africa” (1963)

*Johnson, Dr. Mordcai W.: “The American Negro and the Present Crisis” (1943), “The Negro and Out National Destiny” (1944), “Binding up the Nation’s Wounds” (1947), “Democracy and Communism: The Decisive Role of Moral Energy” (1948), (1949)

*Johnson, Edward C.: “Fidelity Investments: Managing a Growing Company” (1996)

*Johnson, Gerald W.: “Can a Catholic Be Elected President of the United States?” (1958)

*Johnson, James Weldon “America’s Debt to Negro Culture” (1934), “The Negro’s Dilemma” (1935)

*Johnson, Julie: “The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Preview” (1991), “Election 1996: Let the Games Begin” (1995)

*Johnson, Marietta L.: “Education for the New Age” (1920)

*Johnson, Nicholas: “Welcome to Sex and Violence on TV: Do You Know What You Children Are Watching Tonight?” (1979)

*Johnston, Phillip: “What Do We Do When the Money Runs Out: State Financing of Extraordinary Health Care” (1989)

*Jones, Cleve: “Tales From the Quilt” (1998)

*Jones, Nathaniel R.: “Affirmative Action and Equal Rights” (1986)

*Jordan, Joseph M.: “What Can Be Done About Crime in the Street” (1980)

*Josephs, Ray: “Postwar Powder Keg- Argentina” (1945)

*Joshi, Prof. S. L.: “Islam as a Religion and Political Factor in the World’s history” (1923)

*Junek, Oscar W.: “Why do Human Beings Act the Way They Do?” (1947), “Fads, Superstitions and Tabus” (1949)

*Kadzis, Peter: “Worse Instincts: Cowardice, Conformity, and the ACLU” (2009)

*Kahn, Albert E.: “Can There be Peace Between Liberalism and Communism?” (1946)

*Kahn, Herman: “Prospects for Mankind” (1973)

*Kalb, Marvin: “The New News: Changing Journalistic Standards” (1974), (1999)

*Kallen, Horace A.: “Would Freedom of Enterprise Solve Our Economic Problems?” (1939)

*Kaminer, Wendy: “The Culture of Censorship” (1998), “Prayer in Public” (2004), “Worse Instincts: Cowardice, Conformity, and the ACLU” (2009)

*Kanter, Rosabeth Moss: “The Changing Face of Business: American Corporations in the 1990s and Beyond” (1990)

*Kaplan, John: “Justice for All?” (1985)

*Kaplan, Madge: “See You in Court: Medical Malpractice and Health Care in Massachusetts” (2003)

*Kapor, Mitchell: “What’s So Personal About Personal Computers?” (1989)

*Kass, Rudolph: “American Justice on Trial: Who Chooses the Jury” (1995)

*Katz M.D., Alan S.: “The Use of Drugs in America: Towards a Better Understanding of Passivity” (1970)

*Kay, Jane Holtz: “Boston: Lost and Living in the Auto Age ” (2000)

*Kaysen, Dr. Carl: “The Federal Government and Science and Technology” (1982)

*Kayyem, Juiliette: “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Safety: Balancing Civil Rights and *National Security” (2003)

*Kazanjian, Jr., Victor H.: “Prayer in Public” (2004)

*Kazis, Rabbi Israel J.: “What Keeps Judaism Alive?” (1953)

*Kearns-Goodwin, Doris: “Women in a Man’s World” (1981), “The Meaning of the 1982 Election : A Post Mortem” (1982), “Mortal Friends: A Conversation about Irish Politics in Boston” (1992)

*Keeley, Elizabeth (1989), “Sexual Abuse of Children: A Growing Epidemic or A Growing Awareness?”

*Kefauver, Senator Estes: “Modernizing Congress for a Democratic World” (1952)

*Keifer, Sandra: “Is Nuclear Energy Safe?” (1979)

*Keillor, Garrison: “Pontoon: A Lake Wobegon Story” (2007)

*Keller, Jon: “The Bluest State” (2008)

*Kendall, Henry: “Global Warming: What Can We Do About the Greenhouse Effect?” (1989)

*Keniston, Kenneth: “The Future: Through a Glass Darkly” (1977)

*Kennedy, Dan,”Prayer in Public” (2004), “Who’s Talking” (2005), “Public Accountability After the Age of Newspapers” (2009)

*Kennedy, Edward M.: “How to Make College Affordable” (1992)

*Kennedy, Florynce: “The Alliance of the Alienated: Blacks, Women and Other Minorities” (1975)

*Kenney, Linda, “Medical Errors and Patient Safety” (2004)

*Kent, Rockwell: “This Is My Own…” (1942)

*Keohane, Nannerl: “Beyond Political Correctness: Dealing with Diversity on College Campuses” (1991)

*Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovitch: “On Behalf of Democracy” (1938)

*Kerr, Andrea Moore: “Remembering the Ladies: Boston Celebrates a New Women’s Memorial” (2003)

*Kerry, John F.: “Vietnam Revisited” (1971), “Nicaragua: Contras, Sandinistas, and US Aid” (1986)

*Khouri, Rami: “Baghdad, Tehran, Beirut and Jerusalem- A Critical Arab View of American’s Middle East Policies” (2007)

*Kilbourne, Jean: “Under the Influence: The Pushing of Alcohol via Advertising” (1991), “Deadly Persuasion: Why Women and Girls Must Fight the Addictive Power of Advertising” (2000)

*Kim, Suji Kwock: “MA Poetry in Hard Times: What the Best of Bay State bards Offer us in Bad Times and Good” (2009)

*Kin, Melvin: “The Anti-Poverty Programs: Success or Failure?” (1967)

*King Jr., Dr. Martin Luther: “A Realistic Look at Race Relations” (1956), “Desegregation and the Future” (1963), “The Future of Integration” (1960), “The Other America” (1967)

*King, Jason: “From the Top of the Washington Monument” (1924)

*King, Scherazade: “Hip-Hop Politics” (2004)

*Kingdon, President Frank: “Group Relations in a Democracy” (1940)

*Kirkpatrick, Helen: “Ireland and the War” (1942)

*Kissinger, Dr. Henry A.: “Problems of American Foreign Policy” and “The United States’ Position as a World Power- An Assessment” (1959)

*Kitchelt,Richard,: “How I Shall Vote and Why” (1920)

*Klausner, Dr. Abraham J.: “The Nature of Tyranny and the Quality of Religion” (1949), “Religion Without God” (1950)

*Klausner, Samuel Z.; “Understanding Our Loves and Hates” (1961)

*Klimova, Rita: “The Gentle Revolution of Czechoslovakia” (1990)

*Klutznick, Philip M.: “The United Nation- Is Prospects” (1962)

*Knickerbocker, H. R.: “At the Ringside of History” (1940), “America’s Role in the World Crisis” (1941), “America’s Tomorrow” (1945)

*Knowles, M.D., John H.: “Major Issues Besetting American Medicine” (1969)

*Koehn, Nancy F.: “Stirring it Up: How to Make Money and Save the World” (2008)

*Kogut, Melissa: “Fundamental Difference/ Constructive Relationships” (2002)

*Kohn, Hans: “1944: A Turning Point in History” (1944)

*Kolata,Gina: “Clone: The Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead” (1998)

*Koop, C. Everett: “Smoking: The Medical and Legal Implications” (1985), “Education and AIDS: Fighting a Killer” (1988)

*Kovoor T. Behanan,: “The Yogic Way to Emotional Stability” (1939)

*Kozol, Jonathan: “What’s Wrong with Boston Public Schools?” (1971), “Savage Inequalities: American Schools, Still Separate, Still Unequal…” (1991)

*Kraemer, Chuck: “Movies in America” (1985)

*Kramer, Hilton: “Public Television: Do We Need It Anymore?” (1995)

*Kravitz, Sanford: “The Anti-Poverty Programs: Success or Failure?” (1967)

*Kroll, Charles: “From Socialism to Business- and the Consequences” (1921)

*Kuhn, Maggie: “Freedom for Older Americans” (1978)

*Kunstler, William: “The Era of a Resistance” (1970)

*Kuttner, Robert: “Should Japan Be Allowed to Buy the U.S.?” (1992)

*Lackaland, Dr. G. S.: “Where the Church Met Labor” (1921)

*LaFollette, Robert M.: “The Washington Scene- What Next?” (1934), “The Most Vital Problems” (1936), (1939)

*Laidler, Harry: “Questioning Our Working Class Prejudices ” (1930)

*Lally, Reverend Francis J.: “Public Money and Private Schools” (1962)

*Lakeoff, George: “The Political Mind” (2008)

*Landes, Richard: “Y0K, Y1K, Y2K: Apocalyptic Dates in Western History” (1999)

*Landi, Elissa: “The Theatre Today” (1942)

*Landsmark, Ted: “30 Years After School Busing: Where Do We Go Next” (1994)

*Guinier, Lani: “Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice” (1998)

*Lapchick, Richard: “Sports: Friend or Foe to the Minority Community” (1990)

*Lapham, Lewis: “Voices in Black and White: Contributors to Harper’s Magazine Explore Issues of Race” (1992), “The Media: Too Aggressive or Too Docile?” (1993), “Public Television: Do We Need It Anymore?” (1995), “Lessons from the Past: What Citizens Need to Know for the Future of Democracy” (1996), “Humanities Lost and Found” (1997)

*Lapp, Dr. Ralph E.: “Nuclear Risks and the Race for Outer Space” (1961)

*Lapp, John A.: “The Outlook for Civil Liberty” (1926)

*Lappe, Frances Moore: “World Hunger: Lesson of Ethiopia” (1985)

*Laqueur, Walter: “Terrorism” (1979)

*Laski, Harold J.: “Our Vanishing Liberties” (1935), “Prospects for European Democracy” (1938)

*Lattimore, Owen: “America’s Problems in Asia- Old and New” (1958), “The United States, The United Nations, and China” (1960)

*Laughland, Rev. J. Vint: “The Rise of Power of the British Labor Party” (1924)

*Lawrence, Robert: “Should Japan Be Allowed to Buy the U.S.?” (1992)

*Lawton, Dr. George: “How do Keep Mentally Young” (1947)

*Leape, Lucian M.D.: “Medical Errors and Patient Safety” (2004)

*Lear, Norman: “First Amendment Award and Lecture” (1981)

*Lees, Ivy L.: “What is to Become of out Social order?” (1922)

*Leiserson, Dr. William M.: “Is Industrial Democracy a Dream?” (1922)

*Leland, Mickey: “Hungry… in America!” (1986)

*Leondar-Wright, Betsy: “The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide” (2006)

*Lerner, Max: “Democracy and Propaganda” (1938), “Democracy as a Weapon” (1939), “Ideas Are Weapons” (1940), “A Fighting Faith for America” (1941) and “Facing This Crisis Realistically” (1941), “What the Young Men Want” (1942), “America, America” and “Looking Towards 1944″ (1943), “The Revolution of Our Time” (1944), “America and the Crisis of our Time: Plan or Perish” (1946), “Where is America heading” (1947), “What Can a Liberal Do?” (1948), “What I Saw in Europe and Israel” (1949), “A Free Man’s Creed” (1950), “The Battle of Ideas” (1951), “Men and Issues in the Election” (1952), “Who Will Win ’56?” (1956), “Roads of Destiny for America” (1957), “Is American Civilization on the Decline?” (1958), “Who Will Win the Presidency?” (1960), “America and World Politics” (1962), “What Are they To Us?” (1963), “American Civilization: Is It Healthy or Sick?” (1966), “The Presidential Battle” (1989), “China, Peace and the Elections” (1971), “America on the Eve” (1972) “The 1976 Election: Two Views- Liberal and Conservative”(1976)

*Levi, Rabbi Harry: “The Real American” (1925)

*Lewis III, Fulton: “The Campus Generation, Right of Left?” (1963)

*Lewis, Ann F.: “Inside the Democratic Campaign: Jackson Action and Party Politics” (1988), “Women, Power, and Politics” (1992)

*Lewis, Elma: “The Institutions of Society and the Black Citizen” (1972)

*Lewis, John: “1998 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (1998)

*Liebman, Rabbi Joshua Loth: “The Challenge of the World Today” (1939), “Psychoanalyzing Anti-Semitism” (1941), “How to Remain Normal in Abnormal Times” (1942)

*Lifton, Robert J.: “Hope and Healing in a World of Horror” (1987)

*Liggett, Walter W.: “The Cooperative Movement in the Northwest” (1921)

*Lightfoot, Sara Lawrence: “Improving America’s High Schools” (1986)

*Liman, Arthu: “Contragate: The Story Behind the Scenes” (1988)

*Limb, Ben C.: “Can Democracy Win in Asia- and the Meaning of Coexistence” (1960)

*Lincoln, D. Eric: “The Black Muslim Movement and the John Birch Society” (1961)

*Lindeman, Eduard C.: “The Human Welfare State” (1951), “Why more People Need More Help” (1952)

*Lindsay, Dr. Samuel M.: “Merchants of Hatred- Coughlin, Pelley and Company” (1940)

*Lindzen, Richard S.: “Is Global Warming a Cause for Alarm?” (2007)

*Lipset, Seymour M. “Student Power Throughout the World” (1968)

*Lockhart, Keith “Why I Sing in the Shower: A Talk with Keith Lockhart” (1997)

*Loeb, William “The Conservative View” (1975)

*Loewen, James W. “Lies Across American: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong” (2000)

*Lombardo, Rick: “Does THeatre Have a Future? The Players Look Forward…” (2007)

*Longman, Philip: “The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity And What To Do About It” (2009)

*Logan, Rayford W. “What the Negro Wants” (1945)

*Lord Lindsay of Birker: The United States, The United Nations, and China”(1945)

*Lord Lytton,: “The Far Eastern Problem and World Peace” (1935)

*Lord, Bette Bao “China: Great Walls and Open Doors” (1990)

*Lord, Winston “China: Great Walls and Open Doors” (1990)

*Loury, Glenn: “Debating Reparations for Slavery” (2002)

*Love, Dr. Susan: “Women’s Health: It’s Time to Tell the Truth” (1997)

*Lovell, Sir Bernard: “Man, His Universe and His Environment” (1973)

*Lowisohn, Ludwig: “The Pagan Revolt” (1934)

*Luckman, Charles: “America Unlimited” (1947)

*Ludwig, Emil: “The Present Political Situation and Prospects if Was in Europe” (1936), “What Sort of Peace Shall We Write with Germany?” (1944)

*Lui, Meizhu: “The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide” (2006)

*Luria, Dr. Salvador E.: “Technology and Responsibility” (1970)

*Lydon, Christopher: “Afghanistan and Freedom of the Press in the United States” (2002), “Free Speech, Free Minds, Free Markets” (2008)

*Lynch, Lisa: “The End (or a New Beginning?) for the American Dream: Credit, Debt, and the U.S. Economy” (2009)

*MacArthur, Joan R.: “The Overselling of America” (1994)

*MacDonald, Dwight: “Mass Culture: Threat or Promise to America?” (1963)

*MacDonald, Karen: “Does THeatre Have a Future? The Players Look Forward…” (2007)

*MacLeish, Dr. Archibald: “A Faith for Liberals” (1951)

*MacNeil, Robert “An Evening with Robert MacNeil” (1994)

*MacQuarrie, Brian: “Up Close and Personal: Embedded Reporter Gets Inside the War In Iraq” (2003)

*Magoun, F. Alexander: “A Look Inside Behavior” (1951)

*Mailer, Norman: “Portrait of Picasso as a Young Man” (1995)

*Maki, John M.: “The Reorientation of Japan: Whose Responsibility?” (1945)

*Malcolm X: “God’s Solution to America’s Race Problem” (1963)

*Mandel, William: “Is Russia a Force for Peace?” (1946)

*Mann , Jonathan: “AIDS: A Global Perspective” (1991)

*Mann, Dr. Eric: “Should We Rebuild a Strong Germany?”(1950), “Are We Educating for Today’s Realities?” (1951)

*Mann, Erika: “Escape to Life” (1938), “A Pacifist at War: Is There a Contradiction?” (1945), “The Challenge of Tomorrow” (1947)

*Mann, Klaus: “Escape to Life” (1938)

*Mann, Thomas: “The Coming Victory of Democracy” (1939), “The Order of the Day” (1943)

*Manning, Paul: “Paul Manning Reporting” (1944)

*Manuel, Frank E.: “The Future: Through a Glass Darkly” (1977)

*Marcus, Amy Dockser: “The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Peace Process or War Process?” (2008)

*Marcus, Leonard C. V.M.D., M.D.: “Disease Du Jour: What Might Be Next?” (2004)

*Marcuse, Dr. Herbert: “Are We in the Middle of a Revolution ?” (1970)

*Markham, Edwin: “How to Think of the Spiritual World” (1921)

*Marshall, Samuel L.A.: “Hot and Cold Wars Around the World: From Israel to Vietnam” (1964)

*Marshall, Thurgood: “Civil Rights and World Peace” (1953)

*Martin, Alfred W.: “What Are We Here For?” (1916)

*Martin, Everett Dean: “The Psychology of the Crowd Mind” (1921), “The Idolatry of Public Opinion” (1922)

*Martin, Ralph: “Violence in the City: Ending the Cycle” (1994)

*Masaryk, Jan: “Democracy and Minorities” (1939)

*Mason, Linda: “Women to Women: A Journey to Darfur” (2005)

*Mather, Dr. J. Paul: “Our Crowded Colleges and Your Child’s Future” (1957)

*Mather, Kirtley F.: “As Others See Us- Report from Europe, 1947″ (1948), “The Treat to Freedom in the United States” (1949), “Individual Freedom and National Security” (1950), “Civil Liberties in a Time of National Danger” (1951)

*Maurer, James H.: “What’s Wrong wit the Coal Industry?” (1923)

*May, Dr. Rollo: “Love and the Demonic” (1972), “Creativity and Death” (1975)

*May, Wilfred: “Can We Do Business with Stalin?” (1953)

*Mazur, Gail: “MA Poetry in Hard Times: What the Best of Bay State bards Offer us in Bad Times and Good” (2009)

*McComish, Madeline: “Fundamental Difference/ Constructive Relationships” (2002)

*McConnell, Bishop Francis J.: “The Church and Labor” (1920), “The Church and Freedom” (1923)

*McCully, George: “Philanthropy in America: Does it Matter?” (2000)

*McDowell, Charles: “The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Preview” (1991), “Election 1996: Let the Games Begin” (1995)

*McDonough, Jill: “MA Poetry in Hard Times: What the Best of Bay State bards Offer us in Bad Times and Good” (2009)

*McGovern, George: “The Rhetoric and Reality Gap” (1969)

*McGovern, Patricia: “Is Massachusetts State Government Broken?” (2002)

*McGovern, William: “Our Foreign Policy- Right or Wrong?” (1952)

*McGuire, Dr. Jean Flatley: “The Politics of Sex, Drugs, and HIV/AIDS” (2004)

*McIntosh, Peggy: “Education for a More Inclusive Society” (1988)

*McKenna, Margaret: “The Day Care Puzzle” (1986)

*McLaughlin, John: “The View from Washington: A National and International Review” (1988)

*McLeish, Rob: “Do the Public Media Tell It Like It Is?”

*McNally, Richard J.: “Remembering Trauma” (2004)

*McNamara, Eileen: “Who Judges the Judges?” (1988)

*McWilliams, Carey: “A Practical Program for the Solution of America’s Race Problem” (1945), “Racial Minorities in America” (1946), “Tyranny Has No Permanent Address’” (1948)

*Mead, Margaret “Women: A Single Look at the Double Standard” (1956), “Are Americans All Conformists?” (1958) and “Sex Freedom and Responsibility”, “Our Low Level of Goodness” (1959), “In School or Out: Apathy vs. Dependency” (1960), “Why Can’t We Communicate with the Soviets” (1961), “Youth is Not Just Another Minority” (1964), (1968), “Alternatives of Polarization” (1970), “Environmental Crisis: Trap or Promise” (1972)

*Mearns, Prof. Hughes: “Setting Free the Creative Spirit” (1925)

*Mellon, Dr. Margaret: “A Consumer’s Right to Know: Are Our Food Standards Clear Enough?” (1998)

*Menard III, Louis: “Government Gridlock: Is Government Responsive Enough for the 21st Century?” (1986)

*Menon, V.K. Krishna: “India and the United Nations” (1957)

*Meredith, James: “Racial Peace in America” (1966)

*Metcalf, Holly: “Sports: Friend or Foe to the Minority Community” (1990)

*Michalopoulos, Andrew: “The Great Democrats and the Smaller Nations” (1944)

*Michelman, Kate: “Promoting Prevention: A Pro-Choice Agenda for the 1990s” (1994)

*Miller, Arthur R.: “The Right to Privacy vs. Free Press” (1980), “Lowell Lecture: The Rights and Responsibilities of a Free Press” (1986)

*Miller, Clyde R.: “Prejudice Is a Disease: It CAN be Cured” (1944)

*Miller, Dr. Jerome G.: “Can We Afford Not to Have Prison Reform” (1972)

*Miller, Jr., Douglas: “You Can’t Do Business with Hitler” (1941)

*Miller, Mark Crispin: “The Overselling of America” (1994)

*Miller, Merle: “The Myth that Threatens the World” (1950)

*Miller, Scott Allen: “Breaking Ranks” (2005)

*Mills, Nicolaus: “Civic Renewal: Exerting Out Better Selves” (1997)

*Mills, Nick: “Afghanistan’s Untold Story and the Road Ahead” (2009)

*Minow, Martha: “Outside the Law: Narratives on Justice” (1997)

*Minxin, Pei: “The Future of the Democratic Reform Movement in China” (1989)

*Modigliani, Franco: “A Conversation on the Economy” (1986)

*Montagu, Ashley: “A Scientist Looks at Love” (1959)

*Moor, Jonathan: “The Meaning of the 1982 Election : A Post Mortem” (1982)

*Morgan, Arthur E.: “What is Civilization?” (1924)

*Morgenthau, Hans J. “A New Foreign Policy for the United States” (1969)

*Morse, Wayne L. “Politics: In Theory and Practice” (1947), “Does the United States Have a Foreign Policy” (1966)

*Mowre, Edgar Ansel “Cards Not Seen on the Table” (1946)

*Moyers, Bill: “Personal Reflections on the Current State of National Affairs” (1974)

*Mudd, Roger: “Presidential Politics and Television” (1977)

*Muelder, Dr. Walter G.: “Middle Age: Its Problems and Its Challenge” (1957)

*Mukerji, Dhan Gopal: “The Asiatic Menace” (1923)

*Mullins, William E.: “Race and Religion in the Ballot Box” (1956)

*Murphy, Reverend Father E.F. S.S.J.,: “Catholicism and Democracy” (1940)

*Murray, Charles: “The Bell Curve” (1995)

*Muzumdar, Haridas T.: “India and Palestine: The United Nations’ Dilemma” (1943)

*Myerson, Abraham: “Human Motives” (1925)

*Myles, Brenda Smith: “Autism: Looking Beyond Cause and Cure Critical Questions Surrounding One of Today’s Greatest Healthcare Challenges” (2009)

*Nader, Ralph: “Corporate Responsibility and Consumer Protection” (1974), “Energy Outlook” (1979), “Ethics in American Law: Consumer Activism and Judicial Activism” (1983)

*Nathan, Robert: “The Economic Outlook for 1946″ (1945), “The Economic Outlook for 1947″ (1946), “The Outlook for 1948″ (1948), “A New New Deal?” (1949)

*Naude, W.C.: “South Africa Today” (1961)

*Nearing, Scott: “Leadership and Democracy” (1921), “Is Life Worth Living?” (1924),”The Voice of New Russia” (1926), “Questioning Our Working Class Prejudices” (1930), “Can Present Government Policies Save Capitalism?”and “Resolved, the American System of Social Control and Economic Order is Better Than the Soviet Communistic System” (1935), “Would Freedom of Enterprise Solve Our Economic Problems?”(1939), “Can We Avid Boom or Bust Under Our Economy?” (1951), “Can Our Democracy Meet the Challenge of Socialism in Europe and Asia?” (1952), “Can We Do Business with Stalin?” (1953)

*Neely, Barbara: “Blanche Strikes a Chord: Challenging Stereotypes and Promoting the Concerns of Working Class People” (2001)

*Neely, Richard: “Ethics in American Law: Consumer Activism and Judicial Activism” (1983)

*Nelson, Comr. Alan: “Sanctuary: Moral Imperatives and Illegal Acts” (1986)

*Nelson, David S.: “1992 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (1992)

*Nelson, Jack: “The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Preview” (1991)

*Nemerov, Howard: “A Reading of Poems and Commentary” (1966), “An Evening with America’s Poet Laureate” (1990)

*Neufeld, Peter: “Actual Innocence: When Justice Goes Wrong and How to Make it Right” (2001)

*Nguyen, Trin: “Finding a Voice in a New Homeland” (2005)

*Niebuhr, Dr. Reinhold: “The Responsibilities of America Power in the World Community” (1949)

*Nolan, Martin F.: “Lowell Lecture: The Rights and Responsibilities of a Free Press” (1986), “The Media: Too Aggressive or Too Docile?” (1993)

*Norton, Eleanor Holmes: “The National Crisis of Teenage Pregnancy” (1985)

*Norton, Elliot “Do the Lively Arts Reflect Today’s Society?” (1968)

*Norton, Heidi: “What at the Heart of Marriage? Same-Sex Couples and Legal Rights” (2002)

*Novak, Robert: “Challenges for the Next Administration” (1984)

*Nyaradi, Dr. Nicholas: “Is Russia Ready for the Final Showdown?” (1950)

*O’Brien, Robert Lincoln: “Why Government Ownership Fails” (1924)

*O’Brien, Tim: “Vietnam: Immoral War, Impossible Victory” (1991)

*O’Dea Jr., James L.: “How to Handle Sex Offenders” (1957)

*O’Dell, George: “Marriage and the Home” (1921)

*Olgin, Dr. Moissaye J.: “The Balance Sheet of the Russian Revolution What the Revolution Did and What it Failed to Accomplish” (1921)

*O’Neill Jr., Eugene: “What Is Wrong With American Education” (1947)

*O’Neill Jr., Thomas P.: “Mortal Friends: A Conversation about Irish Politics in Boston” (1992)

*Orlean, Susan: “The Good City: Writers Explore 21st Century Boston” (2004)

*Osusky, Stephen: “The Influence of Stalin’s Doctrine of Nationality on Small Slav Nations” (1945)

*Oursler, Fulton: “The Enemy Within” (1942)

*Overstreet, Harry A.: “What Shall We Do with Our Old People?” (1926), “The Problems of Straight Thinking” (1928), “A Psychologist Wonders About Dictators” (1935), “The Making of American Convictions” (1936), (1939), “Progress in the American Way” (1940), “If Free Minds are the Remain Free” (1941), “Getting Ready for Peace When It Comes” (1942), “What Kind of War is This?” (1943)

*Overstreet, Prof. and Mrs. Harry A.: “New Minds are in the Making” (1944), “What Prejudice Does to the Prejudiced” (1946), “Adjusting Ourselves to This New Age” (1947), “Our Next Civilizing Idea” (1948), “Understanding the Motives of Men” (1949), “Our Basic Psychological Needs” (1952)

*Oxford Group (1935)

*Oxnam, Bishop G. Bromley: “Is the Kingdom of God on Earth a Realizable Ideal?” (1946), “Must We Fight a Third World War?” (1947), “Religious and Moral Forces in the Contemporary Crisis” (1948), (1949), “Is the Reunion of the Churches Desirable and Possible?” (1950), “It is American! And It Is Good!” (1951), “Is Freedom of the Pulpit and of the Classroom in Danger?” (1952), “The American Stake in the Asian Revolution” (1953), “Fighting Communism with Principle” (1957)

*Paassen, Pierre Van: “Ideologies and the War” (1940)

*Packard, Vance: “the Hidden Persuaders” (1958), “Status Seeking- An America Disease” (1959), “Waste Makers” (1961), “America in Upheaval- The Seven Great Changes of Out Time” (1963), “Scientific Explosion: Public Perils and Ethical Crises” (1980)

*Packer, Tina: “Power Plays: Shakespeare’s Lessons in Leadership and Management” (2000)

*Padover, Saul: “Can Palestine Solve the Jewish Problem?” (1947)

*Paley, Grace: “Peaceable Women: The Power of 1,000, The Power of One” (2005)

*Palmer, Dorcas: “Can Men and Women Understand Each Other?” (1949)

*Panetta, Leo: “Childhood Hunger in America: Our Future at Risk” (1991)

*Pariser, Eli: “Reclaiming Democracy” (2005)

*Park, J. Edgar: “How to Get On With Your Daughters” (1929)

*Parker, Robert: “The Art of Mystery: Master Sleuths Unmasked” (1988)

*Parkinson, C. Northcote: “Parkinson’s Law” (1960)

*Parks, Rosa: “1991 Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award” (1991)

*Patri, Angelo: “Character Training” (1925)

*Patrick, Deval: “Priorities for America’s Children” (1996)

*Pauling, Linus: “Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War” (1958), “The Significance of the Bomb-test Negations” (1961)

*Pavicevic, Miso: “Yugoslavia’s Position in World Affairs” (1962)

*Payne, Les: “The Media: Too Aggressive or Too Docile?” (1993)

*Payzant, Thomas: “Boston Public Schools: Priorities for Our Children’s Future” (1995), “The Role of Public Education and the Common Good” (2006)

*Pearson, Drew: “Confidential Washington” (1956)

*Peikoff, Leonard: “Assault From the Ivory Tower: The Professor’s War Against America” (1983), “The American School: Why Johnny Can’t Think” (1984), “Medicine: The Death of a Profession” (1985), “Religion vs. America” (1986), “My Thirty Years with Ayn Rand: An Intellectual Memoir” (1987), “Why Should One Act on Principle?” (1988), “Certainty and Happiness: Achieving Success in Thought and Action” (1989), “Philosophy and the Real World Out There” (1990), “The Future Implications of Certain Present Trends at Home and Abroad” (1992), “Madness and Modernism” (1993), “What to do About Crime”(1995), “A Philosopher Analyzes the O.J. Verdict” (1996), “A Picture is Not an Argument” (1998), “The One in the Many: How to Create It and Why”(2001), “American Versus Americans” (2003)

*Penney, Sherry: “Beyond Political Correctness: Dealing with Diversity on College Campuses” (1991)

*Peterson, Dr. Houston: “The Great America Boasters” (1935), “Are We Educating for Today’s Realities?” and “The Red Herring, the Scapegoat and Other Distractions” (1951)

*Peyser, James: “Putting Students and Schools to the Test: The Pros and Cons of MCAS” (2002)

*Pfeffer, Leo: “The Rights of Parents Under Our American Educational System” (1959)

*Pham, Nam: “Finding a Voice in a New Homeland” (2005)

*Philbrick, Herbert: “Dishonest Communists vs. Honest Liberals” (1952)

*Phillips, Kevin: “Leadership in America: The Politics of Rich and Poor” (1991), “Change in American: The Middle Class Reaches the Boiling Point” (1993), “Arrogant Capital” (1994), “Anglo-America: The Domination of World Politics and Transformation of Global Culture” (1999)

*Pickens, Dr. William: “A Common Platform for White and Black” (1922), “America’s Race Problem” (1923)

*Pike, John: “Star Wars II: Opposing SDI” (1986)

*Pinsky, Robert: “American Poetry and American Life: An Evening with the American Poet Laureate” (1997)

*Pipes, Daniel: “The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Peace Process or War Process?” (2008)

*Pitman, Dorothy: “Women’s Liberation” (1971)

*Pivak, John: (1936)

*Plumb, Glenn E.: “Industrial Democracy” (1922)

*Podesta, Anthony: “Religion in Politics” (1985)

*Polak, Paul: “Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches Fail” (2009)

*Polakov, Walter N.: “Korzybski’s New Law of Life” (1921)

*Polier, Justine Wise: “Israel’s Immigration Policy as it Affects the Arab States” (1959)

*Post, Loui F.: “Deportations” (1921)

*Potter, Dr. Charles Francis: “Euthanasia: Is Merciful Release Wrong? “No”" and “Is Psychology Replacing Theology?” (1950)

*Pound, Dean Roscoe: “The Task of the Law” (1925), “The Problem of Ordered Society” (1929)

*Powys, John Cowper: “The Economic Aspect of Woman Suffrage” (1914)

*Praker, Cornelia Stratton: “Human Nature and the European Tangle” (1925)

*Prejean, Sister Helen C.S.J.: “The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Execution” (2006)

*Prinz, Dr. Joachim: “The German Dilemma: An Analysis of Anti-Semitism and Neo-Nazism in Present-Day Germany” (1960)

*Prothrow-Stith, Deborah: “Children’s Right to Non-Violence: Commemorating the United Nations’ Decade for a Culture of Peace” (2001)

*Prou, Marc: “The Haitian Diaspora in Boston” (2004)

*Proxmire, Senator William: “Issues in the 1960 Presidential Campaign” (1960), “Waste in Government and What We Can Do About This” (1981)

*Pruette, Lorine: “The Decline of the Male” (1931)

*Ra’anan, Uri: “The Soviet and the Middle East” (1978),”Power, Petroleum, and Flawed Succession: The Roots and Impact of Putin’s Russia” (2007)

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*Wittmer, Felix, “Can We Get Along with Russia” (1948)

*Wolfe, Henry C., “Germany- Where Russia Meets the West” and “The Enduring Crisis” (1948)

*Wolfe, Tom, “When Will the 70′s Begin” (1976)

*Woll, Matthew, “Labor’s Attitude Towards Socialism and Communism” (1925)

*Wolsey, Rabbi Louis , “The Jewishness of Jesus”(1922), “What Race Owns America?” (1924), “Peace and Good Will Among Jews and Christians” (1926)

*Woods, Donald, “Emancipation and Human Dignity: The South African Experience” (1979)

*Woodward, Bob, “Watergate: A National Crisis” (1973)

*Worthy Jr., William, “Do the Public Media Tell It Like It Is?” (1968), “My Trip to Red China” (1958), “Can We Stop the Russians in Cuba?” (1960)

*Wright, John J., “Catholicism in American Tradition” (1948)

*Xueliang, Din, “The Future of the Democratic Reform Movement in China” (1989)

*Yankelovich, Daniel, “Do American Still Believe in Apple Pie and Mother?” (1982)

*Yard, Molly, “1990s Politics: Flooding the Ticket with Women” (1987)

*Yarmolinsky, Adam, “The Role of Military Power in American Foreign Policy? ” (1966)

*Yaroshenfsky, Ellen, “Sanctuary: Moral Imperatives and Illegal Acts” (1986)

*Yergin, Daniel, “Energy and Environment: A Conflict of Out Time” (1980), “Oil, Money, and Power” (1991)

*Young, Andrew , “The Role of City Government in the 1980s” (1982), (1984)

*Young, Jr., Whitney M., “From Pledge to Performance in Civil Rights” (1967)

*Zabludoff, Sidney Jay, “Nazi Gold and the Swiss Banks: The Loss of European Jewish Assets and the Holocaust” (1999)

*Zacharias, Ellis M. Rear Admiral U.S.N, “Are We Really Stopping Russia?” (1952)

*Zelnick, Bob, “Afghanistan and Freedom of the Press in the United States” (2002)

*Zetzel, Elizabeth R. M.D., “Middle Age: Its Problems and Its Challenge” (1957)

*Zobel, Hiller, “Who Judges the Judges?” (1988)

*Zoll, Samuel E., “What Can Be Done About Crime in the Street” (1980)

*Zu Loewenstein, Prince and Princess Hubertus, “A Royal Couple in Pursuit of Democracy” (1936), (1939)

*Zueblin, Charles, “How Much of the New Order is in the Present?” (1912), “Has America Any Ideals?” (1920), “Education from Freedom” (1921), “Is Europe Coming for Going?” (1923)

*Zumwalt, Elmo, “Foreign Policy” (1978)

*Zweig, Stefan, “History of Tomorrow” (1939)

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Ford Hall Forum, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Wrapping Greenland

Seeing if glacier melting can be prevented by wrapping them in blankets. Led by Dr. Jason Box, a team travels to Greenland to wrap glaciers in a geo-textile blanket that will reflect the sun’s rays and keep the glacier intact. During the show, the scientists used a special blanket with a nest-like structure that could withstand the harsh Arctic conditions. The blankets worked and we could see that under the blanket, the ice of the glacier was well preserved.

Raining Forests

Led by scientist Mark Hodges, they attempt to reforest areas of bare Earth from helicopters using canisters holding a tree seedling.

Brighter Earth

Led by atmospheric physicist John Latham and engineer Stephen Salter, the team attempted a Cloud reflectivity enhancement experiment. Their goal was to make clouds more reflective to bounce more of the Sun’s heat generating rays back into space as a stop-gap against global warming. By changing the size of water droplets within a cloud, they make clouds brighter and reflect the sun’s heat into space. They choose to seed marine stratocumulus clouds because of their commonality around the world and the fact that they are low-lying, making it easier for man-made droplets to reach them. The Project Earth team uses the potassium chloride and sodium chloride from (salt-based) flares to form droplet particles that are one micrometre in diameter, and that can rise to , even in adverse (cloudless) conditions. The experiment proves that man-made droplets can indeed seed stratocumulus clouds.

The team is also charged with creating a delivery system for the cloud creation mechanisms that allows for low carbon emission, remote controlled vessels. They employ the concept of the Flettner rotor by fabricating rotors and installing them onto a reinforced/retrofitted trimaran.

After a series of computer simulations based on current and rising CO2 levels, Basil determined that without the proposed fleet of ships, the average global temperature would rise 2.9 degrees Celsius by the end of the 21st Century; enough to melt glaciers that are important to the freshwater needs of Asia and Africa and the hydro-electric power needs of Europe. Using a fleet of 1500 cloud enhancing ships employing the recently discovered technologies would reduce that average global temperature change to only 1 degree Celsius by the end of the 21st century. The slower rise in temperature would grant humanity more time to reduce carbon emissions before a major climate related catastrophe was likely to strike.

The estimated cost of the fleet of remote-operated cloud enhancing vessels would was valued at $5.8 billion US, a fraction of the $44 trillion US world economy that would be irreparably damaged if climate change were to continue unchecked.

Infinite Winds

Testing of a revolutionary wind turbine led by engineer Fred Ferguson in an attempt to harness the energy of high-altitude winds. The team will test a prototype attached to a blimp over The Appalachians to harness the endless supply of wind.

Hungry Oceans

Dr. Brian von Herzen and the Discovery team join Professors David M Karl (University of Hawaii) and Ricardo M Letelier (Oregon State University) to test wave powered pumps in an effort to bring nutrients from the depths of the oceans to the surface. This nutrient enrichment of the open ocean’s well-lit surface layers is needed to enhance photosynthesis and trigger large blooms of phytoplankton that could increase the role of vast oceanic regions in the sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. However, before producing large scale perturbations using these pumps, the scientific team from Hawaii and Oregon wants to better understand the risks and benefits of such large scale perturbations by looking at the effect that the deployment of a few pumps may have in the environment.

Space Sunshield

Attempting to create a sunshade by placing trillions of lenses in space, led by astronomer and professor Roger Angel. Angel has developed a diffraction pattern by etching onto a lens, which will deflect the sun’s rays.

Orbital Power Plant

Former NASA physicist John Mankins’s vision of launching thousands of satellites into space, gathering solar energy from the sun and beaming it down to Earth as microwave energy. The energy will then be collected by antennas on the ground, which will convert it into electricity.

Fixing Carbon

Testing to see if the air can be scrubbed clean of its carbon dioxide. Canadian professor David Keith builds a machine prototype that sucks air into one end and sprays with a sodium hydroxide solution, then expelling clean air out.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Project Earth (TV series), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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The obvious advantages to solar energy is it is free energy that hits the earth every day whether we capture it or not. It is there for the taking no matter what we do. It is just up to us to capture it and convert it into a usable form, like electricity or heat. The amount of solar energy that hits the Earth every day is enormous. A rooftop receives enough energy to power an average home. And after the initial cost of the solar equipment, the energy costs nothing.

Solar is clean and renewable. Nothing is burned so there are no emissions. Solar devices just capture the energy that is already available. There are no worries about running out of sunlight, so it is totally renewable. At least for the few billions of years that scientists expect the sun to keep burning.

Solar panels and heat collecting equipment are typically low maintenance and reliable. Without moving parts, solar collectors can operate for many years reliably without having to really think about them. This is unlike most forms of energy generators that use flames, turbines, engines and complex moving parts that need to be maintained and can be subject to mechanical problems. This is what makes solar energy more practical for home energy generation.

One of the disadvantages of solar is, the sun only shines in areas for part of the day. Solar collectors do not generate energy at night, so you need either another energy source at night, or the ability to store energy during the day to be used at night. Also cloudy days will reduce the amount of solar energy available. This is why many home’s equipped with solar panels stay connected to the grid. This way they can use electricity from the grid when the sun is not shining, and sell any excess energy that the solar panels produce back to the power company. Or they just use it as a supplement to reduce their energy bill.

The high cost of solar panels has been the biggest deterrent to solar energy. Solar panels can cost more than the energy they will potentially produce over many years. It can take a long time for them to pay off. Fortunately the cost of solar panels is starting to come down and they are expected to get cheaper in coming years. Solar panels and heat collectors can also be easy to build for a much lower cost.

Learn how to build solar panels and other solar collectors for a fraction of the cost. Building your own solar equipment can make soar affordable to just about anyone.

build solar panels

http://SolarEnergySunPower.com

pros and cons of solar energy

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What are the pros and cons of solar energy? I mean, we’ve all heard about how solar energy can supply our homes with free electricity, and even put money in our pockets as the local electric company is mandated by law to buy back surplus electricity generated while a solar home is still connected to the grid, and blah-blah-blah… but can it all be true in every case? Are some instances more favorable than others? What are the factors involved which decide if this is the best route to take for our particular situation? Let’s take a deeper look into this…

Okay, here are some pros and cons. Of solar energy, the most appealing pro has got to be the electric company paying us for a change. The fact is that it actually does happen, and for those that it does, it’s a sheer thrill to watch the kilowatt-hour meter running backwards. But in order for this to happen, you’d need to stay connected to the grid… which, if you ask me, seems to defeat the purpose, principally. Also, to accomplish this, you’d actually be using more solar panels than you really need, so it isn’t very practical. You basically have an overabundance of solar panels working for you, instead of just having a conservative number filling a “bank” with electricity to store – say, one or two of those large batteries such as those used for forklifts, in order to regulate the constant flow of electricity to your home’s appliances and etc.

More pros and cons of solar energy… you may live in the perfect place for using this type of free energy – or, maybe not. For instance, how close to the nearest pole do you live? People in some parts of Alaska experience days that are six months long – and nights that are six months long as well. Would solar power be a feasible alternative energy source in that case? If where you live is just fine for fairly consistent daylight hours year-round, remember that as “off-grid-able” as you can make your house, the value of your home increases quite a bit. Whether you will eventually sell your home or not, being able to operate completely off the grid is a definite plus.

As for the last of any pros and cons of solar energy I’ll mention here, there is the up-side and the down-side of cost… first, the down-side; While the cost of solar panels and installation is nowhere near as expensive as it used to be, it still may be just out of reach for many of us home owners out there. But here’s the up-side; It’s really very simple to build your own solar panels from components that are easily accessed and procured by anyone, and quite inexpensively as well. A single 3×7 foot panel could run about 20-40% of your home’s appliances and other electrical needs.

If you’re interested in learning more about solar energy benefits and other things related to alternative energy, then you’ve got to check out the EcoPlusHome project.

Bryan Kenny and his family are an average North American family with one exception… they’re living in the EcoPlusHome.

The EcoPlusHome is a prefabricated home powered by alternative energies like solar thermal, geothermal and photovoltaic. Bryan and his family will show the world that it is possible to live self sustained for a 12 month period by showcasing their journey living in the EcoPlusHome on their blog.

Bryan and his family welcome you to join their journey to self sufficiency on their blog http://ecoplushome.com/blog.

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If you are planning to embark on an alternative energy source such as radiant heat from the sun, knowing the pros and cons of solar energy should be included in your list of things to do. Just like any other investment, it is just wise for a consumer to take a deeper look on what you are getting yourself into or what you are investing in.

The effectiveness of your investment will also become visible if you are able to grasp fully what you really are getting into.

Here then is a rundown of the pros and cons of solar energy. Decide for yourself then if this indeed holds true and effective for you.

Pros of Solar Energy:

• Power generated from radiant heat from the sun is truly environmentally friendly as no dirty emissions are released upon its collection, conversion, as well as use. Although the creation of the materials such as panels, generators, and batteries truly contribute to air pollution, the whole process of collection is pollution-free.
• The harvest of energy is relatively peaceful. By this, noise is not generated in the process. The feature benefits both Mother Earth as well as the owners of the panel. Noise pollution is curtailed while the owner will not be disturbed when the generator is storing power collected by the panels.
• Homeowners with solar panels are independent of the fossil fuel consumers – the current supply of power is sourced from the fossil fuels, which are extracted from fossils whose very nature took some millions of years for their creation. As this is the case, these are nonrenewable sources. Although the same had been quite efficient in supplying the world’s demand for power, unfortunately the continuing demand puts so much pressure on the resources, which is pronounced as depletion. The need therefore for alternative power sources and means to obtain the power must be encouraged to lessen and eventually completely lift off the need to use nonrenewable energy sources to fuel the power needs of the globe.

Cons of Solar Energy:

• Initial amount for starting up is a little expensive if buying pre-made solar panels. Others might be discouraged once they look at the cheapest yet efficient panels. The good thing however is despite the fact that the initial investment might be a little costly, the long term use will prove it to be cheaper in the long run.
• Energy collection depends largely on the weather. If the sun is up the whole day then you will be assured of a greater volume of power collected. But if the day is a little gloomy, fluctuations on the level of collected energy are sure to be expected.

Now that you have an idea of the pros and cons of solar energy, will you take action and learn how to make your own solar energy?

Martin Applebaum has studied both the benefits of homemade solar energy and how to build your own solar panels and has combined this knowledge onto his own website. Visit his homemade solar energy site today. By M. Applebaum

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You have probably heard all about the substantial savings that can be gained financially from installing solar panels in your home, but you still have to weight the pros and cons of solar energy before making this type of investment. It turns out there is a lot more to be considered than how much money you can chop off of your electric bill next year.

Is a solar system right for your home? This answer depends largely on where you live and if the cons are a deal breaker for you.

It turns out that available money is the biggest con to going the solar route. You will easily spend $100,000 or even a lot more to outright take your home off the electricity grid. That is something that the majority of people simply cannot afford to do, so they take it one small project at a time instead.

There are some government programs which can cover some of this initial investment, but it often is not enough to make a system affordable. Many people are still shut out of the solar panel market due to price.

Here’s the pro that often makes that con less of a concern: most people will be completely repaid through their savings in less than 10 years. If you live in your home for longer, you will be profiting off your investment. Plus, the enormous expense of the total system can be broken up over time as the system is added one small piece at a time.

Also, the value of the home goes up with solar energy. The more you take yourself off the grid, the more your home could be worth. This is a benefit whether you sell it or not.

Less dependence on electricity has to be the biggest pro besides financial savings. You have probably experienced quite a few electrical outages or even shortages in your time, so you know that the grid is not completely reliable. Also, more people are starting to worry about political attacks on the electricity supply.

With your own resources to produce power for your home, you have less to worry about in an outage.

You do have to take into consideration the argument that solar power is not all that reliable itself. This may be true, but it is more reliable than it ever has been before and it will only get better with time. You are still better off in an outage with this as back-up than just sitting in the dark.

You do have to consider how much access your home has to the sun when you consider how efficient solar power may be for your house in particular. If you are sheltered to a great degree by trees or some other block, it may not work very well for you. Also, if you live in a climate where you go months out of every year with very little sunshine, it may not be worth the expense. Speak with a local professional if you are concerned about your climate.

Finally, some people will consider the appearance of solar panels on the roof to be a deal breaking con. Look at pictures on-line to see if it will bother you or maybe install them on the ground with tilting stands.

Before we end, any discussion of the pros and cons of solar energy has to include the environment. This is a renewable source of energy that does not harm or pollute the planet in any way, not even as a byproduct!

Remember as well that yes, renewable energy devices can cost large amounts of money but why not just build them yourself. It really is easier than you think and you will save thousands of dollars in the process. Plus this makes it available to every person no matter what your budget. The guides I have reviewed and used on my website are the best of the best available on the net and will help you easily to build your very own solar or wind producing power device.

Best Solar-Wind Power Guides

Earth4energy review – The Top Selling Wind And Solar Guide.

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