According to Campbell:

* There are no new potential oil fields sufficiently large to reduce this future energy crisis.

* The reported oil reserves of many OPEC countries are inflated, to increase their quotas, or improve their chance of getting a loan from the World Bank.

* The practice of gradually adding new discoveries to a country’s list of ”proven reserves”, instead of all at once, artificially inflates the current rate of discovery.

In 1989 Campbell claimed that there would be a shortage towards the late 1990s. In 1990 he claimed that 1998 would represent a “depletion midpoint.” These early assessments were, however, according to Campbell himself, “based on public domain data, before the degree of misreporting by industry and governments was appreciated.” Since that time, Campbell has been predicting that the peak of oil production will cause a catastrophic worldwide economic depression.

One theory, held by many in the oil industry and the United States Department of Energy , is that oil production will continue to increase, due to technological advances and the geopolitical pressure caused by rising oil prices. They argue that:

* Much of the world’s oil reserves come from areas that have not been fully explored because they are politically unstable, like Russia and Iraq. Nobody knows how much oil is really left in those areas, and economic pressure could result in a new exploration boom.

* New methods of extracting oil from existing fields are currently being developed. This may even expand the definition of “oil”: Hydrocarbons exist in shale and tarry sands, and as a result companies like Exxon predict that there are up to 14 trillion barrels (2,200& km³) of exploitable hydrocarbons left in the world, which could fuel the oil industry for another century.

The U.S. Department Of Energy report ”Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management”, often referred to as the ”Hirsch Report”, proposes an urgent mitigation approach to deal with the possibility of oil production going into decline in the immediate future.

It states: “The peaking of world oil production presents the U.S. and the world with an

unprecedented risk management problem. As peaking is approached, liquid fuel prices and price volatility will increase dramatically, and, without timely mitigation, the economic, social, and political costs will be unprecedented. Viable mitigation options exist on both the supply and demand sides, but to have substantial impact, they must be initiated more than a decade in advance of peaking.”

The current debate in the U.S. revolves around energy policy, and whether to shift funding to increasing conservation measures, fuel efficiency, and other energy sources such as wind power, solar power, hydropower, and nuclear power.

Campbell has previously predicted production peaks which have not realized, some people are criticizing his methods because of that.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Colin Campbell (geologist), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Uranium price

The uranium spot price has ramped up from a low in Jan 2001 at $6.40 came to a peak in June 2007 at $135 per pound of U3O8. The uranium prices have dropped since. Currently (18 August 2010) the uranium spot is USD46.50.

In 2007, shrinking weapons stockpiles and a flood at the Cigar Lake Mine, coupled with expected rises in demand due to more reactors coming online, created an uranium price bubble. Miners and Utilities are bitterly divided on uranium prices.

As prices go up, production responds from existing mines, and production from newer, harder to develop or lower quality uranium ores begins. Currently, much of the new production is coming from Kazakhstan. Production expansion is expected in Canada and in the United States. However, the number of projects waiting in the wings to be brought online now are far less than there were in the 1970s. There have been some encouraging signs that production from existing or planned mines is responding or will respond to higher prices. The supply of uranium has recently become very inelastic. As the demand increases, the prices respond dramatically.

Number of Contracts

Unlike other metals such as gold, silver, copper or nickel, uranium is not widely traded on an organized commodity exchange such as the London Metal Exchange. It is traded on the NYMEX but on very low volume. Instead, it is traded in most cases through contracts negotiated directly between a buyer and a seller. The structure of uranium supply contracts varies widely. The prices are either fixed or base on referenced to economic indices such as GDP, inflation or currency exchange. Contracts traditionally are based on the uranium spot price and rules by which the price can escalate. Delivery quantities, schedules, and prices vary from contract to contract and often from delivery to delivery within the term of a contract.

Since the number of companies mining uranium is small, the number of available contracts is also small. Supplies are running short due to flooding of two of the world’s largest mines and a dwindling amount of uranium salvaged from nuclear warheads being removed from service. While demand for the metal has been steady for years, the price of uranium is expected to surge as a host of new nuclear plants come online.

Hedge Funds

Several hedge funds are investing in processed uranium, helping drive up the price. There are at least four hedge funds, including two publicly traded firms—Uranium Participation Corp. [ticker: U.TO] and Nufcor Uranium Ltd. [ticker: NUURF.PK] — actively purchasing uranium.

Mining

Rising uranium price entices draws investment into new uranium mining projects. Mining companies are returning to abandoned uranium mines with new promises of hundreds of jobs and millions in royalties. Some locals want them back. Others say the risk is too great, and will try to stop those companies “until there’s a cure for cancer.”

Uranium occurs at concentrations of 50 to 200 parts per million in phosphate-laden earth or phosphate rock. As uranium prices increase, there has been interest in some countries in extraction of uranium from phosphate rock, which is normally used as the basis of phosphate fertilizers.

Electric Utilities

Since many utilities have extensive stockpiles and can plan many months in advance, they take a wait-and-see approach on higher uranium costs. In the past year, this strategy has backfired due to the number of planned reactors or new reactors coming online. Those trying to find uranium in a rising cost climate are forced to face the reality of a seller’s market. Sellers remain reluctant to sell significant quantities. By waiting longer, sellers expect to get a higher price for the material they hold. Utilities on the other hand, are very eager to lock up long-term uranium contracts.

According to the NEA, the nature of nuclear generating costs allows for significant increases in the costs of uranium before the costs of generating electricity significantly increase. A 100% increase in uranium costs would only result in a 5% increase in electric cost. This is because uranium has to be converted to gas, enriched, converted back to yellow cake and fabricated into fuel elements. The cost of the finished fuel assemblies are dominated by the processing costs, not the cost of the raw materials. Furthermore, the cost of electricity from a nuclear power plant is dominated by the high capital and operating costs, not the cost of the fuel. Nevertheless, any increase in the price of uranium is eventually passed on to the consumer either directly or through a fuel surcharge.

Substitutes

An alternative to uranium is thorium which is three times more common than uranium. Fast breeder reactors are not needed. Compared to conventional uranium reactors, thorium reactors using the thorium fuel cycle may produce some 40 times the amount of energy per unit of mass.

If nuclear power prices rise too quickly, or too high, power companies are likely to look for substitutes in non-renewable energy: Coal, oil, and gas:

*Gas consumption is relatively clean, but does produce more CO2 emissions.

*Oil consumption would adversely affect the air quality, increase oil imports and CO2 emissions.

*Coal consumption will result in decreased air quality, increase in water consumption near coal-fired plants and CO2 emissions.

Also renewable energy, such as hydro, bio-energy, solar thermal electricity, geothermal, wind, tidal may be considered as substitutes:

*Renewables can make a clean, safe substitute for electricity made from the nuclear fission of uranium although some would argue that renewables cannot provide a sufficient baseload. However, there are reliable and reputable sources that say that the baseload argument is a myth.

*Some renewable electricity sources (e.g. hydro, bioenergy, solar thermal electricity and geothermal ) have identical variability to coal-fired power stations and so they are base-load. They can be integrated without any additional back-up, as can efficient energy use.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Peak uranium, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Aerospatiale (France)

*Consortium leader and host of the integrated project team in its centre at Les Mureaux

* Structures and Thermal Control Subsystems and manufacture of all associated panels, mechanisms, thermal hardware and antenna reflectors (Cannes Space Centre)

* Manufacture of the cold gas attitude control system, harness and pyrotechnics (Les Mureaux)

* Integration of the mechanical and thermal models (Cannes)

* Integration of the electrical identification model and the first flight model, Symphonie-A (Les Mureaux)

Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) (RFA)

* Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) (Ottobrunn, near Munich)

* Manufacture of the hot gas (bi-propellant) thrusters system (Ottobrunn and Lampoldshausen)

* Apogee motor (bi-propellant) Subsystem (Ottobrunn and Lampoldshausen)

* Mechanical ground support equipment for integration and transport

* Contribution of the electrical test sets

* Integration of the qualification prototype and the second flight model, Symphonie-B (Ottobrunn)

Thomson-CSF (France)

* Super high frequency (SHF) antenna Subsystem for the telecommunications payload and the VHF antenna Subsystem for the TT&C (Meudon)

* Manufacture of the TT&C system (Gennevilliers and Vélizy-Villacoublay)

* Manufacture of equipment for telecommunications transponders, local oscillators and frequency conversion.

* Electronic test system EGSE level 1 for ground testing (integration phase and preparation for flight).

Siemens AG (RFA)

* SHF C-band telecommunications transponder Subsystem (Munich)

* Manufacture of equipment for telecommunication transponders, receiving section and intermediary frequency amplification (Munich)

* Contribution of the electrical test set

SAT (France)

* Solar array Subsystem (Paris and Lannion)

* Manufacture of the telemetry encoder (Paris)

* Contribution to the electrical test sets

AEG-Telefunken (RFA)

* Regulated electric power supply Subsystem (Wedel, near Hamburg)

* Manufacture of equipment for the telecommunications transponders, transmission section (Backnang near Stuttgart, and Ulm)

* Manufacture of SHF modulators and demodulators for the on-board telemetry and telecommand

* Contribution to the electrical test sets.

Other major contributions

* The six CIFAS companies participated in the integrated project team with detached personnel, the Head of the Project team being Pierre Madon (Aerospatiale).

* Belgium officially contributed to the project and its industry was present, notably with the Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (ACEC) with the space division of ETCA supplier of the DC-DC converters for the electric power supply; and SAIT for the EGSE test computers.

* French and German equipment manufacturers contributed under contract to the consortium members, notably Sodern, SAFT, Crouzet and Starec in France and Teldix and VFW in Germany.

* Major test facilities used for the qualification and acceptance tests: space environment simulation: SOPEMEA, a subsidiary of CNES (Toulouse), and [http://de.wikipedia.org:wiki/IABG IABG] (Ottobrunn)

* Calibration of telecommunications performance: Centre National d’Etudes des Telecommunications CNET (La Turbie).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Symphonie, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Some taxi companies used callboxes before the introduction of two-way radio dispatching, as a way for drivers to report to the dispatch office and receive customer requests for service. Taxi callboxes would be located at taxi stands, where taxis would queue for trips.

Also before the introduction of two-way radios, some police agencies installed callboxes or “police boxes” at street locations as a way for beat officers to report to their dispatch office. Before the development of emergency telephone numbers and the proliferation of mobile phones, some firefighting agencies installed callboxes at various street locations, so that a pedestrian or driver spotting a fire could quickly report it.

Retail

A growing number of retailers use call boxes in their stores as a way for shoppers to summons service (”Shopper Call Box”) as well as for store employees to summons assistance (”Director Call Box”).

Retail call boxes are generally wireless devices that communicate to in-store communication devices via radio frequency (303MHz) or through 802.11 networks.

Motorist aid

Call boxes also exist at regular intervals along the sides of many highways and rapid transit lines around the world, where drivers or passengers can use them to contact a control centre in case of an accident or other emergency. Such call boxes are often marked by a blue strobe light which flashes briefly every few seconds. Boxes in remote areas often now have solar cells to power them.

U.S. highways with callboxes include most of the major highways in California, Florida’s Turnpike and Interstate 185 in Georgia. Rather than a telephone, these devices simply have four buttons to push: blue for accident or other emergency (send police/fire/medical), green for major service (mechanical breakdown, send a tow truck), black for minor service (out-of-gas or flat tire), and yellow for cancel. Roads in other places may have voice call boxes, though these are more expensive, and must either be wired long distances, or rely on spotty rural mobile phone service.

Many cellular callboxes in California now include a TTY interface for hearing impaired users.

Call boxes have the advantage that their location is immediately known, while mobile phone users in trouble do not necessarily know where they are. For example, in California a cellular call to 911 connects to CHP, whereas a callbox will connect to a dedicated regional answer center. The DTMF ANI or caller ID from the callbox will be used to display callbox sign number and location on the CAD system.

Emergency callboxes can also have a secondary function as an RTU. Experimental systems deployed around Sacramento, CA ( [http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/13609_files/4_2_4.htm Sutter County Smart Call Boxes]) were used to connect fog sensors and CCTV using the cellular transceiver within the callbox.

Safety

On many North American college and university campuses today, callboxes are installed at various locations around campus so that students, staff, or visitors can contact campus security in case of an emergency. Often, these are voice call boxes using a mobile phone service, and solar-powered so no wiring need be extended to the middle of a parking lot or other remote location. Thus, they can function during a power outage if the cell site is still powered.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Callbox, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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The image shown here is actually Lambton Generating Station, not Polymer or Polysar Corp.

When World War II threatened tropical sources of natural latex for rubber, Sarnia was selected as the site to spearhead development of synthetic petroleum-based rubbers for war materials, and Polymer corporation was built by Dow Chemical at the request of the Government of Canada. Large pipelines bring Alberta oil to Sarnia, where oil refining and petrochemical production have become mainstays of the city’s economy. Shell Canada, Imperial Oil, and Suncor Energy (Sunoco) operate refineries in Sarnia. Large salt beds found under the city became a source of chlorine and another significant ingredient in the success of the “Chemical Valley”. Chemical companies operating in Sarnia include NOVA Chemicals, Bayer (Lanxess and H.C. Starck), Imperial Oil, Dow Chemical, Royal Group Technologies, Cabot Corporation and Ethyl Corporation.

Dow ceased the last of its operations at its Sarnia site in 2009. The plant was decommissioned, and the land has been sold to neighbouring TransAlta Energy Corporation. TransAlta produces power and steam for industry, and is the largest natural gas co-generation plant in Canada.

Lanxess is the sole producer of approved food-grade butyl rubber, which is used to make chewing gum, and its Sarnia facility is the only one which currently makes the material.

Sarnia is the location of the First Solar / Enbridge solar power generation facility. The facility went into full commercial operation in December 2009, with 20 MW of power. In December 2009 the company announced an additional 60 MW expansion at that site. When completed it will be the largest solar power generation facility in the western hemisphere.

In November 2003 the City of Sarnia, County of Lambton, and the University of Western Ontario announced the creation of The Research Park, Sarnia-Lambton Campus. The Research Park is also the location of Bioindustrial Innovation Centre, Canada’s centre for the commercialization of industrial biotechnology.

While industry expanded south along the St. Clair, Sarnia’s population tended to move out eastward along the Lake Huron shoreline. The sandy fresh water beaches are a popular tourist attraction, while the sheltered harbour houses marinas for recreational sailing. Since 1925, the 400& km Mackinac race from Sarnia/Port Huron to Mackinac Island, at the north end of the lake, has been the highlight of the sailing season, drawing more than 3000 sailors each year.

Film industry

Portions of several films have been shot in Sarnia. Scenes from the 1994 film ”Renaissance Man” and the 2000 film ”Bless the Child” were both filmed at the Blue Water Bridge.

In 2002, Michael Moore filmed segments of his documentary ”Bowling for Columbine” in Sarnia. He interviewed residents outside the local Taco Bell, the plaza beside it, the Famous Players’ Lambton 9 movie theater and at a gun show in nearby Point Edward. In the summer of 2004 Sarnia mayor Mike Bradley (who was also interviewed in the film), offered to name Moore an honorary citizen of Sarnia. In his 2007 film ”Sicko”, Michael Moore returned to Sarnia to film and interview his relatives at Sears and in the Marina restaurant at the former St. Clair Parkway site.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Sarnia, Ontario, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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* 1831: Michael Faraday develops Faraday’s law of induction describing the electromagnetic force induced in a conductor by a time-varying magnetic flux.

* 1864: James Clerk Maxwell synthesizes the previous observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory and mathematically models the behavior of electromagnetic radiation.

* 1888: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz confirms the existence of electromagnetic radiation. Hertz’s “”apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves”” was a VHF or UHF “radio wave” spark gap transmitter.

* 1891: Nikola Tesla improves Hertz-wave wireless transmitter RF power supply or exciter in his patent No. 454,622, “System of Electric Lighting.”

* 1893: Tesla demonstrates the wireless illumination of phosphorescent lamps of his design at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

* 1894: Hutin & LeBlanc, espouse long held view that inductive energy transfer should be possible, they received U.S. Patent # 527,857 describing a system for power transfer at 3& kHz.

* 1894: Tesla wirelessly lights up single-terminal incandescent lamps at the 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later at the 46 E. Houston Street laboratory in New York City by means of “electrodynamic induction,” that is to say wireless resonant inductive coupling.

* 1894: Jagdish Chandra Bose ignites gunpowder and rings a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, showing that communications signals can be sent without using wires.

* 1895: Bose transmits signals over a distance of nearly a mile.

* 1896: Tesla transmits signals over a distance of about .

* 1897: Guglielmo Marconi uses a radio transmitter to transmit Morse code signals over a distance of about 6& km.

* 1897: Tesla files the first of his patent applications dealing specifically with wireless transmission.

* 1899: In Colorado Springs, Tesla writes, “the inferiority of the induction method would appear immense as compared with the ”disturbed charge of ground and air method”.”

* 1900: Marconi fails to get a patent for radio in the United States.

* 1901: Marconi transmits signals across the Atlantic Ocean using Tesla’s apparatus.

* 1902: Tesla vs. Reginald Fessenden – U.S. Patent Interference No. 21,701, System of Signaling (wireless); selective illumination of incandescent lamps, time and frequency domain spread spectrum telecommunications, electronic logic gates in general.

* 1904: At the St. Louis World’s Fair, a prize is offered for a successful attempt to drive a 0.1 horsepower (75 W) airship motor by energy transmitted through space at a distance of least .

* 1916: Tesla states, “In my [''disturbed charge of ground and air''] system, you should free yourself of the idea that there is [electromagnetic] radiation, that energy is radiated. It is not radiated; it is conserved.”

* 1917: Tesla’s Wardenclyffe tower is demolished.

* 1926: Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi publish their first paper on Uda’s ””tuned high-gain directional array”” better known as the Yagi antenna.

* 1961: William C. Brown publishes an article exploring possibilities of microwave power transmission.

* 1964: Brown demonstrates on CBS News with Walter Cronkite a model helicopter that received all the power needed for flight from a microwave beam. Between 1969 and 1975, Brown was technical director of a JPL Raytheon program that beamed 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile at 84% efficiency.

* 1968: Peter Glaser proposes wirelessly transferring solar energy captured in space using “Powerbeaming” technology. This is usually recognized as the first description of a solar power satellite.

* 1971: Prof. Don Otto develops a small trolley powered by induction at The University of Auckland, in New Zealand.

* 1973: World first passive RFID system demonstrated at Los-Alamos National Lab.

* 1975: Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex does experiments in the tens of kilowatts.

* 1988: A power electronics group led by Prof. John Boys at The University of Auckland in New Zealand, develops an inverter using novel engineering materials and power electronics and conclude that power transmission by means of electrodynamic induction should be achievable. A first prototype for a contact-less power supply is built. Auckland Uniservices, the commercial company of The University of Auckland, patents the technology.

* 1989: Daifuku, a Japanese company, engages Auckland Uniservices Ltd. to develop technology for car assembly plants and materials handling providing challenging technical requirements including multiplicity of vehicles.

* 1990: Prof. John Boys team develops novel technology enabling multiple vehicles to run on the same inductive power loop and provide independent control of each vehicle. Auckland UniServices Patents the technology.

* 1996: Auckland Uniservices develops an Electric Bus power system using Electrodynamic Induction to charge (30-60& kW) opportunistically commencing implementation in New Zealand. Prof John Boys Team commission 1st commercial IPT Bus in the world at Whakarewarewa, in New Zealand.

* 1998: RFID tags powered by electrodynamic induction over a few feet

* 2001: Splashpower formed in the UK. Uses coupled resonant coils in a flat “pad” style to transfer tens of watts into a variety of consumer devices, including lamp, phone, PDA, iPod etc.

* 2004: Electrodynamic Induction used by 90 percent of the US$1 billion clean room industry for materials handling equipment in semiconductor, LCD and plasma screen manufacture.

* 2005: Prof Boys’ team at The University of Auckland, refines 3-phase IPT Highway and pick-up systems allowing transfer of power to moving vehicles in the lab.

* 2007: Using Electrodynamic Induction a physics research group, led by Prof. Marin Soljačić, at MIT, wirelessly power a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a distance with two 60& cm-diameter coils.

* 2008: Bombardier offers new wireless transmission product PRIMOVE, a power system for use on trams and light-rail vehicles.

* 2008: Industrial designer Thanh Tran, at Brunel University made a wireless lamp incorporating a high efficiency 3W LED.

* 2008: Intel reproduces Nikola Tesla’s original 1894 implementation of Electrodynamic Induction and Prof. John Boys group’s 1988 follow-up experiments by wirelessly powering a nearby light bulb with 75% efficiency.

* 2008: Greg Leyh and Mike Kennan of the Nevada Lightning Laboratory publish a paper on Nikola Tesla’s ”disturbed charge of ground and air method” of wireless power transmission with circuit simulations and test results showing an efficiency greater than can be obtained using the Electrodynamic Induction method.

* 2009: A Consortium of interested companies called the Wireless Power Consortium announce they are nearing completion for a new industry standard for low-power Inductive charging

* 2009: An Ex approved Torch and Charger aimed at the offshore market is introduced. This product is developed by Wireless Power & Communication, a Norway based company.

* 2009: A simple analytical electrical model of resonance power transfer system is proposed and applied to wireless power transfer for implantable devices.

* 2009: Lasermotive uses diode laser to win $900k NASA prize in power beaming, breaking several world records in power and distance, by transmitting over a kilowatt more than several hundred meters.

* 2009: Sony shows a wireless electrodynamic-induction powered TV set, 60 W over 50& cm [http://www.sony.de/pressrelease/id/1237476675500]

* 2010: Haier Group debuts “the world’s first” completely wireless LCD television at CES 2010 based on Prof. Marin Soljačić’s follow-up research on Nikola Tesla’s electrodynamic induction wireless energy transmission method and the Wireless Home Digital Interface (WHDI).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Wireless energy transfer, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Ted Turner commented on CNN about the spill along with the West Virginia Upper Big Branch Mine disaster on 5 April, stating that God might be using those incidents to send a message about offshore drilling and coal mining. “I think maybe we ought to just leave the coal in the ground and go with solar and wind power and geothermals,” he said.

Matthew Lynn, a columnist at Bloomberg, wrote that America’s anger towards BP for the oil spill is based on a double standard because, he says, America’s high consumption of oil leads companies to drill in dangerous places. He specifically criticized the United States for its low gas taxes and lack of climate change regulations. Lynn also criticized BP’s response to the spill, saying that BP should sell its U.S. assets to another company because Hayward’s job is to serve the stockholders, “not make yourself acceptable to a country that doesn’t want you anymore.” Jon Snow, at Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, drew parallels between the current oil spill, whose initial explosion killed 11 people immediately, and the Union Carbide accident in India, which killed at least 3,000 people immediately. Snow said that Obama “is now at war” with BP, while America has taken no action on an arrest warrant issued for Warren Anderson, the former Union Carbide chief executive. Al Jazeera’s Abid Ali asked “Is BP bashing getting out of hand?” in regards to new calls from US legislators over BP’s alleged involvement in the release of al Megrahi from Scotland to Libya. Al Jazeera also suggested Obama should urge US companies to cough up for their environmental disasters globally, starting with Chevron, which is on the hook for $27 billion, for dumping 56 billon litres of toxic waste in the Equadorian Amazon rainforest; Chevron claims it’s done its bit and the rest is up Petro Ecuador.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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It appears that for some companies, an important component of becoming a lifestyle brand is expanding their product line to their company name and image with several products associated with a group or culture. Examples include Calvin Klein licensing its name to a perfume called CKOne, and Harley Davidson selling branded merchandise to its customers. By this measure, other successful lifestyle brands include Caterpillar, John Deere, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Gucci.

Although lifestyle brands are relatively uncommon in the electronics and computer industries , Apple became a lifestyle brand after it expanded its market share into the music industry through its iPod digital music player. The iPod and the ubiquitous white headphones included are also deemed a fashion accessory by some and may be considered a status symbol, although this is somewhat debatable.

BMW is an automobile manufacturer that has been successful in becoming a lifestyle brand, branching out into the sports and fitness segment with bicycles, skateboards, apparel and various fashion accessories. BMW’s subsidiary, MINI has also integrated itself as a lifestyle brand in much the same way.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Lifestyle brand, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Several organizations have calculated carbon footprints of products; The US Environmental Protection Agency has addressed paper, plastic (candy wrappers), glass, cans, computers, carpet and tires. Australia has addressed lumber and other building materials. Academics in Australia, Korea and the US have addressed paved roads. Companies, nonprofits and academics have addressed manufacture and operation of cars, buses, trains, airplanes, ships and pipelines. The US Postal Service has addressed mailing letters and packages. Carnegie Mellon University has estimated the CO2 footprints of 46 large sectors of the economy in each of eight countries. Carnegie Mellon, Sweden and the Carbon Trust have addressed foods at home and in restaurants.

The Carbon Trust has worked with UK manufacturers on foods, shirts and detergents, introducing a CO2 label in March 2007. The label is intended to comply with a new British public available specification (i.e. not a standard), PAS 2050, and is being actively piloted by The Carbon Trust and various industrial partners.

Of electricity

The following table compares, from peer-reviewed studies of full life cycle emissions and from various other studies, the carbon footprint of various forms of energy generation: Nuclear, Hydro, Coal, Gas, Solar Cell, Peat and Wind generation technology.

Note: 3.6 MJ = megajoule(s) == 1& kW·h = kilowatt-hour(s), thus 1 g/MJ = 3.6 g/kW·h.
Legend:& B& =& Black& coal& (supercritical)–(new& subcritical), Br& =& Brown& coal& (new& subcritical), cc& =& combined& cycle, oc& =& open& cycle, TL& =& low-temperature/closed-circuit& (geothermal& doublet), TH& =& high-temperature/open-circuit, WL& =& Light& Water& Reactors, WH& =& Heavy& Water& Reactors, #Educated& estimate.

These studies thus concluded that hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power always produced the least CO2 per kilowatt-hour of any other electricity sources.

These figures do not allow for emissions due to accidents or terrorism.Lastly some relatively new green renewable electricity generation methods, wind power for example, emit no carbon during operation, but do leave a minor footprint during construction phase using the cradle-to-grave approach of the complete production life cycle.

Of Heat and various combined heat and power schemes, heat pumps etc

The previous table gives the carbon footprint per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated, which is about half the world’s man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint. much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Carbon footprint, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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At his inauguration on January 9, 2007, to the traditional oath of office, he also promised “no lying, no cheating, no stealing.” This added mantra was derived from the Air Force Academy oath.

Chuck Reed has gained many nicknames during his tenure in office including “Mr. Integrity”, “the Anti-Ron Gonzales”, and “Captain America” due to his habit of sporting the American Flag. On October 11, 2007 at a meeting with more than 100 Silcon Valley CEOs, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger referred to Mayor Reed as the “Green Mayor” because of Reed’s environmental priorities.

San Jose’s Green Vision

Mayor Reed announced his Green Vision for San Jose in October 2007. The Green Vision is a comprehensive environmental guide for San Jose over the next 15 years, setting 10 goals. The Green Vision was adopted by the San Jose City Council on October 30, 2007 in an 11-0 vote. Mayor Reed aims to bring 25,000 clean tech jobs to San Jose and attracted Tesla Motors and several solar power companies to the city in 2008. He attributes his progress so far to “moving at the speed of business” and streamlining procedures. One city approval process (special tenant improvements) was reduced from 3–6 months to one hour. “.

Launches Bid for Re-Election

Mayor Reed launched his bid for [http://www.MayorReed2010.com re-election] on December 10, 2009. He also pledged to keep positioning the city as a center of “clean tech” innovation.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Chuck Reed, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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